The Fight to Win Bitcoin DeFi: Beyond Digital Gold, Ep. 3

Camila Russo
Camila RussoMar 13, 2026

Why It Matters

Defining and building genuine Bitcoin DeFi could mobilize trillions of dormant BTC, offering new yield opportunities while preserving the network’s security, a shift that could reshape the broader crypto finance landscape.

Key Takeaways

  • Bitcoin DeFi must run on Bitcoin layer‑one security
  • Wrapped BTC on Ethereum remains trust‑centered, under 1% supply
  • Federated sidechains like Liquid and RSK introduce limited custodial risk
  • Threshold bridges and Bitcoin L2s aim for trust‑minimized programmability
  • Emerging solutions (BitVM, OP_CAT) could enable full Bitcoin rollups

Summary

The episode explores the contentious definition of Bitcoin DeFi, arguing that true DeFi must occur on Bitcoin’s layer‑one to inherit its security, rather than relying on wrapped tokens or off‑chain bridges. It traces the evolution from simple custodial wrappers like WBTC and cbBTC—now representing less than one percent of total Bitcoin supply—to federated sidechains such as Liquid and Rootstock, which trade custodial risk for faster, programmable environments.

Key data points highlight the trust bottleneck: custodial wrappers lock up over $8 billion but depend on entities like BitGo, while federated chains shift risk to a limited set of validators. Newer threshold bridges (e.g., tBTC) distribute custody across hundreds of nodes, yet critics note they still lack Bitcoin’s native enforcement. Bitcoin layer‑two projects—including Stacks, Botanix, BOB, Bitlayer, Citrea, and StarkWare—collectively hold roughly $200 million in TVL, a fraction of Ethereum’s $55 billion, underscoring the early stage of the ecosystem.

Notable remarks underscore the debate: the host insists “without a soft fork, every Bitcoin bridge is wrapped,” while David Tse warns of the “trust assumption” in custodial models. Matt Luongo emphasizes that proof‑based systems must ultimately anchor to Bitcoin, and Robert Linus’s BitVM concept is cited as a roadmap for Bitcoin‑settled rollups, despite being experimental.

The implications are clear: unlocking even a modest share of Bitcoin’s $1 trillion capital for DeFi could reshape liquidity provision and yield generation, but only if developers reconcile programmability with Bitcoin’s immutable security model. Protocol upgrades like OP_CAT or robust L2 designs could determine whether Bitcoin evolves beyond “digital gold” into a foundational DeFi layer.

Original Description

Bitcoin is worth more than a trillion dollars. But most of that capital just sits there. For years, developers have been trying to answer the same question: Can Bitcoin be more than digital gold and power a full financial system?
That vision now has a name: Bitcoin DeFi.
But when we interviewed more than a dozen builders working on Bitcoin DeFi — from StarkWare to Babylon to Stacks to Bitlayer — we discovered no one agrees on what Bitcoin DeFi actually is.
Some say it already exists through wrapped Bitcoin on Ethereum. Others argue it will happen on Bitcoin Layer 2s, while disagreeing on what Bitcoin Layer 2s are. And some believe the only real Bitcoin DeFi must happen directly on Bitcoin itself.
In Episode 3 of our Beyond Bitcoin documentary series, we map the entire ecosystem and break down the six competing models trying to unlock Bitcoin’s trillion-dollar liquidity.
We explore:
• Wrapped Bitcoin and custodial models
• Federated sidechains like Rootstock and Liquid
• Decentralized signer bridges
• The emerging world of Bitcoin Layer 2s
• BitVM and the future of Bitcoin rollups
• StarkWare’s cryptographic approach
• Babylon’s Bitcoin staking model
• And Bitcoin-native protocols like Ordinals and BRC-20
Bitcoin DeFi isn’t one architecture. It’s a spectrum of trust models.
And the race to unlock Bitcoin’s capital has only just begun.
Featuring interviews with
Eli Ben-Sasson (StarkWare)
Muneeb Ali (Stacks)
David Tse (Babylon)
Charlie Hu (Bitlayer)
Willem Schroé (Botanix)
Eril Binari (BRC-2.0)
Matt Luongo (Thesis)
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