How Music Rewires and Impacts the Human Body | Michael Spitzer: Full Interview

Big Think
Big ThinkMay 8, 2026

Why It Matters

Recognizing music as an evolutionary neuro‑cognitive system reshapes how businesses, educators, and policymakers leverage it for wellbeing, creativity, and social cohesion.

Key Takeaways

  • Music predates Homo sapiens, found in ancient animal vocalizations.
  • Bipedalism introduced rhythmic walking, linking gait to musical meter.
  • Bone flutes (~40,000 years) reveal early instrument construction and memory.
  • Music evolved from functional rituals to leisure concerts with social hierarchies.
  • Cultural contexts shape music’s role in memory, conflict resolution, and navigation.

Summary

In a wide‑ranging interview, University of Liverpool music professor Michael Spitzer argues that music is a fundamental biological force that predates Homo sapiens and continues to shape our bodies and societies.

He traces music’s deep roots from animal calls to the first symmetrical stone axes, suggesting that the capacity for rhythm emerged with bipedal walking. The discovery of 40,000‑year‑old bone flutes and early frame drums illustrates how increasing brain size, dexterous fingers, and a descended larynx enabled humans to produce sounds beyond survival functions, turning noise into art.

Spitzer cites diverse examples – the Kuli tribe’s belief that music comes from the mooney bird, Inuit songs that mimic seal cub cries, and Beethoven’s “Heroic” Symphony echoing Napoleonic battle memories – to show music’s role as cultural memory and a tool for social cohesion, conflict mitigation, and navigation.

By linking prehistoric acoustics to modern concerts, the interview highlights that music’s evolution mirrors societal shifts from nomadic, portable soundmaking to settled, hierarchical performances. Understanding this trajectory offers insights for neuroscience, education, and cultural policy, emphasizing music’s enduring impact on human cognition and community.

Original Description

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Music is at least a million years older than language, yet we still see it solely through the lens of entertainment. Professor Michael Spitzer argues it's something closer to a biological system, one that was shaping the human body long before we had words for what we were feeling.
Why does a chord you've never heard before make you want to cry? Why do babies respond to rhythm before they've heard a single song? Why does the same part of your brain that processes mortal danger also process musical beauty? The answers reach back 4 million years, and forward into a future where music may be prescribed like medicine.
0:00 Chapter 1: The history of music
18:00 How civilization changed music
24:52 Chapter 2: The universality of music
37:00 How the west thinks about music all wrong
42:37 Chapter 3: Your brain on music
45:45 Why music gives you goosebumps
00:52:46 Chapter 4: The future of music
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About Michael Spitzer:
Michael Spitzer is the author of The Musical Human and professor of music at the University of Liverpool, where he leads the department’s work on classical music. A music theorist and musicologist, he is an authority on Beethoven, with interests in aesthetics and critical theory, cognitive metaphor, and music and affect. He organized the International Conferences on Music and Emotion and the International Conference on Analyzing Popular Music and currently chairs the editorial board of Music Analysis Journal.

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