Signe Krogstrup: Stablecoins and Money

Why It Matters

Stablecoins could reshape monetary transmission and challenge central bank control, making regulatory decisions pivotal for financial stability. Understanding their risks helps policymakers design safeguards that protect consumers and preserve sovereign currency functions.

Key Takeaways

• Stablecoins are fiat‑backed digital tokens maintaining fixed value.
• Risks mirror money‑market funds and narrow‑bank deposits.
• Central banks worry about monetary sovereignty erosion.
• Financial stability could be threatened by rapid stablecoin adoption.
• Public‑private money balance requires regulatory clarity.

Pulse Analysis

Stablecoins have surged in popularity, offering a digital alternative to traditional cash while promising price stability through backing by fiat currencies or short‑term government securities. Their design mirrors established financial instruments such as money‑market fund shares, which means many of the associated risks—liquidity, redemption pressure, and counterparty exposure—are already familiar to regulators. However, the digital nature of stablecoins introduces new operational complexities, including blockchain governance, custody arrangements, and cross‑border settlement speed, prompting central banks to scrutinize their systemic implications.

From a monetary sovereignty standpoint, widespread stablecoin adoption could dilute a nation’s control over its money supply and monetary policy transmission. If large volumes of domestic transactions shift to privately issued tokens, central banks may lose visibility into payment flows, complicating inflation targeting and crisis management. Moreover, the ease of moving stablecoins across borders raises concerns about capital flight and regulatory arbitrage, especially in jurisdictions with less stringent oversight. These dynamics compel policymakers to consider a balanced framework that safeguards the integrity of sovereign currency while accommodating innovation.

Regulators worldwide are experimenting with a mix of licensing, reserve‑backing requirements, and consumer protection rules to integrate stablecoins safely into the financial system. The emerging consensus emphasizes transparency of reserves, real‑time auditability, and clear jurisdictional authority. As public and private money converge, central banks may explore issuing their own digital currencies to retain relevance and offer a trusted alternative. Ongoing dialogue between policymakers, industry participants, and international bodies will shape the trajectory of stablecoins, ensuring they complement rather than destabilize the broader monetary ecosystem.

Signe Krogstrup: Stablecoins and money

Speech by Ms Signe Krogstrup, Governor of Danmarks Nationalbank, at the Centre for European Policy Studies, London, 21 January 2026.

Thank you very much for the invitation. It is a pleasure to see so many familiar faces online today.

Today's topic is “Stablecoins and Money.” Stablecoins have captured significant attention in discussions about the future of money. This reflects not only technological progress and innovation, but also, to a considerable extent, politics.

In my remarks today, I will speak from a monetary and financial standpoint. I will not engage in the technological details, as this is clearly not my area of expertise.

I will outline several key issues currently debated across the central‑banking community. My focus will be on monetary sovereignty, financial stability, and the evolving balance between public and private money. However, before I turn to these issues, let me begin with some introductory observations.

What is a stablecoin?

A stablecoin is a digital token designed to maintain a fixed value against underlying assets, most often a fiat currency, and is typically backed by cash or short‑term government securities. It is basically a backed crypto asset, but without the price swings of unbacked assets such as Bitcoin.

In financial terms, stablecoins resemble long‑standing instruments such as money‑market fund shares or deposits in a narrow bank. Accordingly, many of the associated risks are familiar.

The views expressed in this speech are those of the speaker and do not necessarily reflect those of the BIS.