
The transient receptor potential vanilloid‑1 (TRPV1) is a heat‑sensing ion channel that also responds to capsaicin, acidic pH and a range of dietary compounds. Genetic variants shift activation thresholds, influencing how intensely people experience spicy foods, pain, and migraines. TRPV1 activity extends to metabolic and cardiovascular functions, affecting insulin release, appetite, and blood‑pressure regulation. Recent research highlights its modulation by CBD and its role in neuropathic pain, making it a promising target for personalized therapeutics.

Candida species normally coexist harmlessly on mucosal surfaces, but immune disruption can trigger a shift to opportunistic infection ranging from mild thrush to invasive candidemia with mortality over 30%. Genetic variants in innate and adaptive pathways—such as CARD9, Dectin‑1, and...