Investopedia — Economics

Investopedia — Economics

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Macro education, indicators and policy explainers

Applicable Federal Rate (AFR): Definition and Usage Guide
NewsApr 8, 2026

Applicable Federal Rate (AFR): Definition and Usage Guide

The IRS publishes a monthly Applicable Federal Rate (AFR) to set a minimum interest benchmark for private loans, categorizing rates by short‑term, mid‑term, and long‑term durations. The AFR is derived from Treasury yields and is used to prevent below‑market loans...

By Investopedia — Economics
Dot Plot: Understanding Types, Uses, and Federal Reserve Insights
NewsApr 8, 2026

Dot Plot: Understanding Types, Uses, and Federal Reserve Insights

A dot plot is a simple visual tool that places each data point as a dot on a two‑axis chart, highlighting distribution, central tendency, and dispersion. The two dominant designs are the Cleveland style, which emphasizes position over length, and...

By Investopedia — Economics
Understanding Current Assets: Definition, Examples, Calculation
NewsApr 8, 2026

Understanding Current Assets: Definition, Examples, Calculation

Current assets are balance‑sheet items a company expects to turn into cash within twelve months, encompassing cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, inventory, and prepaid expenses. They serve as the primary gauge of short‑term liquidity, influencing ratios such as the current,...

By Investopedia — Economics
This Dallas Suburb Is an Affordable Destination for Active Retirees
NewsApr 6, 2026

This Dallas Suburb Is an Affordable Destination for Active Retirees

Grand Prairie, Texas, ranks among the 100 best U.S. retirement spots, offering warm weather and a low cost of living. The median home price sits at $308,416, roughly half the price of nearby Frisco, while renters pay about $2,205 monthly....

By Investopedia — Economics
Using Your 401(k) for a Down Payment Could Cost Your Retirement Savings More Than You Think
NewsApr 6, 2026

Using Your 401(k) for a Down Payment Could Cost Your Retirement Savings More Than You Think

A Trump administration official has floated a policy that would let Americans withdraw 401(k) funds for home‑down payments without the usual 10% early‑withdrawal penalty. While the proposal aims to ease entry into a market where mortgage rates exceed 6% and...

By Investopedia — Economics
$10,000 a Month for Long-Term Care Is Becoming the Norm—What That Means for Families
NewsApr 6, 2026

$10,000 a Month for Long-Term Care Is Becoming the Norm—What That Means for Families

Long‑term care costs in U.S. nursing homes have risen to an average of about $10,000 per month in 2026, with prices ranging from $5,800 in low‑cost states to over $32,000 in high‑cost markets like Alaska. Medicare only pays for the...

By Investopedia — Economics
How Does Your Home Value Stack Up Against the Average 35- to 44-Year-Old's Home Value?
NewsApr 6, 2026

How Does Your Home Value Stack Up Against the Average 35- to 44-Year-Old's Home Value?

The U.S. Census reports a median home value of $392,030 for homeowners aged 35‑44 in 2024, but this figure masks a 34‑to‑1 gap between the nation’s priciest and cheapest markets. Regional extremes range from $1.7 million in Nantucket, Massachusetts, to $49,050...

By Investopedia — Economics
Why Investing In Bonds Is Not Your Only Choice If You're Over 50
NewsApr 6, 2026

Why Investing In Bonds Is Not Your Only Choice If You're Over 50

Investors over 50 shouldn’t rely on age‑based rules to add bonds; allocation must stem from a personalized financial plan. Experts advise increasing fixed‑income exposure two to three years before retirement to mitigate sequence‑of‑returns risk. A bucketing strategy—cash, low‑risk bonds, and...

By Investopedia — Economics
Book Value Per Share (BVPS): Understand Its Importance and Application
NewsApr 5, 2026

Book Value Per Share (BVPS): Understand Its Importance and Application

Book value per share (BVPS) measures a firm’s net equity divided by its outstanding common shares, reflecting what shareholders would receive in a liquidation. The metric subtracts preferred equity to isolate the claim of common shareholders. Analysts compare BVPS to...

By Investopedia — Economics
5 Companies Owned by Block
NewsApr 5, 2026

5 Companies Owned by Block

Block, formerly Square, now runs two massive fintech ecosystems—Square for merchants and Cash App for consumers—serving over 4.5 million sellers and handling $250 billion in sales while Cash App recorded $316 billion in inflows in 2024. The company has pursued a series of...

By Investopedia — Economics
This Is the Average Salary for Your Age—See How You Compare
NewsApr 5, 2026

This Is the Average Salary for Your Age—See How You Compare

The Federal Reserve’s latest data shows median earnings rise steadily from $40,092 for workers aged 16‑24 to a peak of $72,020 for those aged 35‑44, before tapering to $62,036 for the 65‑plus cohort. Earnings growth is most pronounced in the...

By Investopedia — Economics
Midwestern City Attracts Retirees Seeking Culture and Affordable Living in Rapid Numbers
NewsApr 5, 2026

Midwestern City Attracts Retirees Seeking Culture and Affordable Living in Rapid Numbers

Cedar Rapids, Iowa, is rapidly becoming a top retirement destination thanks to its low cost of living, diverse housing options, and vibrant cultural scene. The city’s median home price of $204,633 and rent around $1,025 are roughly 40% lower than...

By Investopedia — Economics
Understanding General Ledgers in Double-Entry Accounting
NewsApr 5, 2026

Understanding General Ledgers in Double-Entry Accounting

The general ledger is the core record‑keeping system for double‑entry accounting, capturing every debit and credit across asset, liability, equity, revenue, and expense accounts. Transactions flow from journal entries into sub‑ledgers, then consolidate in the general ledger, where a trial...

By Investopedia — Economics
How Warren Buffett Chooses Stocks
NewsApr 4, 2026

How Warren Buffett Chooses Stocks

Warren Buffett’s stock‑picking playbook centers on value investing fundamentals such as consistent high return on equity, low debt‑to‑equity ratios, and expanding profit margins. He favors companies with unique products that create durable competitive advantages and insists on buying shares priced...

By Investopedia — Economics
Safe 401(k) Investments: Minimize Risk with These Strategies
NewsApr 4, 2026

Safe 401(k) Investments: Minimize Risk with These Strategies

The article outlines low‑risk strategies for 401(k) investors, emphasizing bond funds, money‑market funds, index funds, stable‑value funds, and target‑date funds as safer alternatives to volatile equities. It explains how each option balances liquidity, predictability, and modest returns while aligning with...

By Investopedia — Economics
New Yorkers to Receive $12K in Stablecoin From Coinbase Pilot
NewsApr 4, 2026

New Yorkers to Receive $12K in Stablecoin From Coinbase Pilot

Coinbase is funding a new pilot with GiveDirectly that will give 160 low‑income New Yorkers a one‑time $8,000 USDC grant plus five $800 installments, totaling $12,000 per participant. The program is financed with $2.6 million leftover from Coinbase’s discontinued GiveCrypto initiative....

By Investopedia — Economics
Big Tech's Market Dominance Explained Through Key Charts
NewsApr 4, 2026

Big Tech's Market Dominance Explained Through Key Charts

The seven largest U.S. tech firms—Apple, Microsoft, Alphabet, Amazon, Nvidia, Meta and Tesla—collectively represent more than one‑third of the S&P 500’s total market value. Their combined free‑cash‑flow growth and record R&D spending have turned them into the primary engine of index...

By Investopedia — Economics
China: The World's Largest Exporter of Goods
NewsApr 4, 2026

China: The World's Largest Exporter of Goods

China remained the world’s largest exporter of goods in 2024, shipping $3.75 trillion worth of products. Smartphones led the export portfolio, accounting for over $216 billion, while electrical machinery and machinery together comprised more than $1.6 trillion. The European Union, if aggregated, outpaced...

By Investopedia — Economics
Using a Home Equity Loan to Buy a Second Home—Is It Right for You?
NewsApr 4, 2026

Using a Home Equity Loan to Buy a Second Home—Is It Right for You?

Homeowners can tap the equity in their primary residence to fund a second‑home purchase through a lump‑sum home equity loan, provided their lender permits it. Such loans typically allow borrowing up to about 80% of the home’s value and carry...

By Investopedia — Economics
How Does PepsiCo Make Money? (PEP)
NewsApr 4, 2026

How Does PepsiCo Make Money? (PEP)

PepsiCo reported FY 2025 net revenue of $93.93 billion and net income of $8.3 billion, driven by six geographic segments spanning beverages, foods, and snacks. The PepsiCo Foods North America and PepsiCo Beverages North America divisions each contributed roughly 30% of total...

By Investopedia — Economics
StubHub’s Top 5 Competitors in Ticket Reselling
NewsApr 4, 2026

StubHub’s Top 5 Competitors in Ticket Reselling

StubHub, the former eBay subsidiary now owned by viagogo for about $4.05 billion, remains one of the largest ticket‑resale platforms. However, it competes with a growing field that includes SeatGeek’s search‑engine model, fee‑free TickPick, Ticketmaster’s integrated primary‑secondary marketplace, and vetted brokers...

By Investopedia — Economics
Are You Behind on Your 401(k)? Here’s How Much Millennials Have Saved
NewsApr 3, 2026

Are You Behind on Your 401(k)? Here’s How Much Millennials Have Saved

Recent Fidelity data shows the average millennial holds roughly $80,000 in 401(k) assets, though median balances are considerably lower, highlighting a skewed distribution. Millennials entered the workforce amid the Great Recession, faced stagnant wages, and carry the highest share of...

By Investopedia — Economics
5 Best Affordable Retirement Spots in Australia for a Comfortable Lifestyle
NewsApr 3, 2026

5 Best Affordable Retirement Spots in Australia for a Comfortable Lifestyle

A new guide highlights five Australian cities—Hobart, Adelaide, Coffs Harbour, Toowoomba and Launceston—as affordable retirement destinations for Americans. While median home prices range from $416,000 to $592,000, day‑to‑day expenses are 15%‑35% lower than comparable U.S. locales. Each city boasts a...

By Investopedia — Economics
Open a High-Yield Savings Account: Boost Your Earnings Today
NewsApr 3, 2026

Open a High-Yield Savings Account: Boost Your Earnings Today

High‑yield savings accounts now deliver annual percentage yields up to ten‑to‑twelve times the national average, largely driven by online‑only banks that avoid branch overhead. Consumers can boost cash returns by moving funds from traditional accounts to these higher‑rate products, but...

By Investopedia — Economics
COVID-19 Impact on Shopping: Lasting Trends in Ecommerce & Payments
NewsApr 3, 2026

COVID-19 Impact on Shopping: Lasting Trends in Ecommerce & Payments

The pandemic reshaped U.S. shopping, cementing e‑commerce’s share at 16.6% of retail and driving a boom in online grocery sales projected to hit $250 billion by 2025. Contactless payment usage exploded, with roughly two‑thirds of consumers adopting the technology and 74%...

By Investopedia — Economics
How Delta Air Lines Makes Money
NewsApr 2, 2026

How Delta Air Lines Makes Money

Delta Air Lines reported FY 2025 total operating revenue of $63.36 billion, a 2.8% increase year‑over‑year, driven primarily by passenger sales. Net income surged 44.8% to $5 billion, while operating income slipped slightly to $5.8 billion. The airline’s market capitalization reached $44.15 billion in April 2026,...

By Investopedia — Economics
Edward Jones CD Rates: April 2026
NewsApr 1, 2026

Edward Jones CD Rates: April 2026

Edward Jones markets brokered certificates of deposit that deliver APYs between 3.80% and 4.15% for terms ranging from three to 120 months, with a $1,000 minimum deposit. Because the firm sources CDs from multiple banks, its rates often exceed the...

By Investopedia — Economics
Capitalization (Cap) Table: What It Is and How  to Create and Maintain One
NewsApr 1, 2026

Capitalization (Cap) Table: What It Is and How to Create and Maintain One

A capitalization (cap) table is a spreadsheet that details a company’s equity ownership, including common shares, preferred shares, warrants, and options. While most commonly used by startups and early‑stage firms, any private company can benefit from a cap table to...

By Investopedia — Economics
Collateral: What It Is, Types, and How It Works
NewsApr 1, 2026

Collateral: What It Is, Types, and How It Works

Collateral is an asset pledged to secure a loan, giving lenders a claim if the borrower defaults. Common forms include residential mortgages, auto loans, home‑equity lines, and secured personal loans, while unsecured products such as credit cards require no asset....

By Investopedia — Economics
Understanding the IS-LM Model: Curves, Characteristics, and Limitations
NewsMar 31, 2026

Understanding the IS-LM Model: Curves, Characteristics, and Limitations

The IS‑LM model, introduced by John Hicks in 1937, visualizes the interaction between the goods market and the money market by linking output and interest rates. The downward‑sloping IS curve reflects equilibrium where investment equals savings, while the upward‑sloping LM...

By Investopedia — Economics
Understanding Beta: Stock Volatility and Risk Assessment
NewsMar 31, 2026

Understanding Beta: Stock Volatility and Risk Assessment

Beta measures a stock’s price volatility relative to the broader market, with the S&P 500 serving as the benchmark at a beta of 1.0. It is a core input for the Capital Asset Pricing Model, translating systematic risk into expected returns....

By Investopedia — Economics
Incentive Stock Options: Tax Benefits & Employee Plans
NewsMar 31, 2026

Incentive Stock Options: Tax Benefits & Employee Plans

Incentive Stock Options (ISOs) are a privileged form of employee equity that allow key staff to purchase company shares at a preset price, typically with a ten‑year exercise window and vesting schedules such as a three‑year cliff or graded vesting....

By Investopedia — Economics
How to Invest in Gold: Physical Gold, ETFs, and Futures
NewsMar 31, 2026

How to Invest in Gold: Physical Gold, ETFs, and Futures

The article outlines the three primary ways to invest in gold—physical bullion, exchange‑traded funds, and derivatives such as futures and options—while also covering mining stocks as an indirect exposure. It explains how gold coins and bars offer tangible ownership but...

By Investopedia — Economics
Effective Strategies for Asset Allocation in Your Portfolio
NewsMar 31, 2026

Effective Strategies for Asset Allocation in Your Portfolio

Effective asset allocation is the cornerstone of portfolio performance, often outweighing individual security selection. The article outlines six allocation frameworks—from strategic, constant‑weighting, and tactical to dynamic, insured, and integrated—each with distinct rebalancing rules and risk controls. It also provides age‑based...

By Investopedia — Economics
DRIP Investment: How Dividend Reinvestment Plans Boost Your Portfolio
NewsMar 31, 2026

DRIP Investment: How Dividend Reinvestment Plans Boost Your Portfolio

Dividend Reinvestment Plans (DRIPs) let investors automatically use cash dividends to purchase additional shares, often without commissions and sometimes at a 3‑5% discount. By reinvesting, investors harness dollar‑cost averaging, buying more shares when prices fall and fewer when they rise,...

By Investopedia — Economics
Cost-Benefit Analysis Explained: Usage, Advantages, and Drawbacks
NewsMar 30, 2026

Cost-Benefit Analysis Explained: Usage, Advantages, and Drawbacks

Cost‑benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic method that quantifies both tangible and intangible costs and benefits to assess a project’s feasibility. It follows a five‑step workflow—defining scope, estimating costs, estimating benefits, performing calculations, and issuing recommendations—often using tools like net...

By Investopedia — Economics
Stock Market Today: Futures Advance to Begin Holiday-Shortened Week After Major Indexes Decline for 5th Straight Week
NewsMar 30, 2026

Stock Market Today: Futures Advance to Begin Holiday-Shortened Week After Major Indexes Decline for 5th Straight Week

U.S. equity futures rose about 0.6% on Monday, signaling a tentative rebound after five consecutive weeks of index declines. The Dow Jones slipped into a 10% correction, shedding roughly 800 points, while the Nasdaq and S&P 500 also posted losses on...

By Investopedia — Economics
4 Best Budget-Friendly Asian Destinations Offering Affordable Retirement Living
NewsMar 30, 2026

4 Best Budget-Friendly Asian Destinations Offering Affordable Retirement Living

The article spotlights four affordable Asian cities—Penang, Malaysia; Hoi An, Vietnam; Dumaguete, Philippines; and Chiang Rai, Thailand—as attractive retirement options for cash‑strapped Americans. Monthly living expenses range from $400 to $800, with housing, groceries and meals all well below U.S....

By Investopedia — Economics
What Is the Average Credit Score for People in Their 40s and 50s? How Do You Stack Up?
NewsMar 30, 2026

What Is the Average Credit Score for People in Their 40s and 50s? How Do You Stack Up?

Americans in their 40s and 50s hold an average FICO score in the low 700s, roughly matching the overall U.S. average of 715. Experian’s data shows scores climb steadily as borrowers age, reflecting longer payment histories and broader credit mixes....

By Investopedia — Economics
ROA Vs. ROE: Understanding Key Financial Health Metrics
NewsMar 29, 2026

ROA Vs. ROE: Understanding Key Financial Health Metrics

The article clarifies the distinction between return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA) as essential gauges of a company’s financial health. It uses the fictional Ed’s Carpets case to illustrate a 23.8% ROE versus a modest 0.85% ROA,...

By Investopedia — Economics
Who Are Advanced Micro Devices' (AMD) Main Competitors?
NewsMar 29, 2026

Who Are Advanced Micro Devices' (AMD) Main Competitors?

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) posted $34.64 billion in revenue for 2025, a 34% year‑over‑year increase, and its market value stands at $329 billion as of March 2026. The article compares AMD with four major rivals—Intel, IBM, NVIDIA, and Analog Devices—detailing each competitor’s revenue,...

By Investopedia — Economics
U.S. Unemployment Rate by President
NewsMar 29, 2026

U.S. Unemployment Rate by President

The analysis ranks average annual unemployment rates for U.S. presidents from Truman through Biden, noting that Lyndon B. Johnson posted the lowest post‑World War II average at 4.18% while Gerald Ford recorded the highest at 7.76%. It explains that unemployment is...

By Investopedia — Economics
Understanding Producer Price Index: A Key Inflation Indicator
NewsMar 29, 2026

Understanding Producer Price Index: A Key Inflation Indicator

The Producer Price Index (PPI) measures price changes at the wholesale level, capturing the cost producers receive for goods and services. It is published monthly by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and is broken into crude, intermediate, and core...

By Investopedia — Economics
Could Your Marital Status Be Reducing Your Retirement Savings? Here’s What to Know
NewsMar 29, 2026

Could Your Marital Status Be Reducing Your Retirement Savings? Here’s What to Know

A new National Institute on Retirement Security report reveals that married workers enjoy dramatically larger retirement balances and total assets than their single, divorced, widowed, or separated peers. Median retirement accounts sit at $20,000 for married employees versus $2,000 for...

By Investopedia — Economics
Best Solo 401(k) Companies for March 2026
NewsMar 29, 2026

Best Solo 401(k) Companies for March 2026

Investopedia evaluated nine solo 401(k) providers using 21 weighted criteria and ranked Fidelity as the best overall option for self‑employed investors. Charles Schwab earned the top spot for low‑fee transactions, while E*TRADE was highlighted for its extensive account features, including 401(k)...

By Investopedia — Economics
CPA Salaries: What to Expect and How to Start Your CPA Career
NewsMar 28, 2026

CPA Salaries: What to Expect and How to Start Your CPA Career

Certified public accountants (CPAs) command higher pay than non‑certified accountants, with median earnings of $81,680 in 2024 and average salaries ranging from $80,000 for entry‑level roles to over $200,000 for senior positions. Data from the BLS, Indeed, and the Accounting...

By Investopedia — Economics
Texas Small Business Taxes: Franchise and Sales Tax Breakdown
NewsMar 28, 2026

Texas Small Business Taxes: Franchise and Sales Tax Breakdown

Texas offers a tax‑friendly climate for small businesses, eliminating state corporate income tax and replacing it with a franchise tax that drops to zero for companies earning $2.65 million or less. Firms with revenue between $2.65 million and $20 million pay a modest...

By Investopedia — Economics
Operating Leverage Vs. Financial Leverage Explained
NewsMar 28, 2026

Operating Leverage Vs. Financial Leverage Explained

Operating leverage and financial leverage are distinct metrics that reveal how a company’s cost structure and debt usage affect profitability and risk. Operating leverage focuses on the proportion of fixed versus variable costs, determining the breakeven point and magnifying profit...

By Investopedia — Economics
Understanding and Reducing Credit Card Interest
NewsMar 28, 2026

Understanding and Reducing Credit Card Interest

Credit card interest is charged only when a balance is carried past the monthly due date, with rates expressed as a variable or fixed APR that often ties to the prime rate. The daily compounding method means unpaid balances grow...

By Investopedia — Economics