Are Stocks Still Worth It? Future Returns, AI, and Market Reality

CFA Institute
CFA InstituteApr 13, 2026

Why It Matters

Lower expected equity returns reshape portfolio construction and risk management, while AI-driven insights could redefine valuation and trading strategies across the industry.

Key Takeaways

  • Future equity premiums likely lower than historical averages
  • CAPE ratio signals overvaluation, raising return uncertainty
  • AI-driven analysis may reshape valuation models and trading speed
  • Investor bias and survivorship bias distort perceived long‑run performance

Pulse Analysis

The debate over long‑run stock performance has long hinged on the equity premium—the excess return investors earn for holding equities over risk‑free assets. Pioneering research by Jeremy Siegel and his peers has traditionally placed that premium at around 4‑5 percent, a figure that underpinned many retirement and endowment strategies. However, the panel underscored that demographic shifts, lower real interest rates, and heightened market efficiency are compressing that premium, forcing a recalibration of expected returns for both individual and institutional investors.

Current valuation tools, especially the cyclically adjusted price‑to‑earnings (CAPE) ratio, are signaling that U.S. equities may be overvalued relative to historical norms. A CAPE above 30, as observed in recent sessions, suggests a heightened risk of lower future earnings growth. Coupled with structural changes—such as the rise of passive investing, tighter regulatory environments, and the integration of artificial intelligence—these metrics point to a market where traditional forecasting models may lose predictive power. AI, in particular, is accelerating data processing and pattern recognition, potentially reshaping how analysts price assets and execute trades, but it also introduces new sources of volatility and model risk.

Behavioral dynamics remain a critical, often underappreciated, driver of market outcomes. Survivorship bias can inflate perceived long‑run success, while cognitive biases like overconfidence and anchoring to past returns skew decision‑making. The panel urged investors to adopt a more disciplined, evidence‑based approach, emphasizing diversification, realistic return assumptions, and continuous education on emerging technologies. By acknowledging these biases and the evolving market landscape, investors can better align expectations with the likely reality of modest, more uncertain equity returns.

Original Description

What should investors actually expect going forward?
In this final session, of the CFA Institute Research and Policy Center and CFA Society New York Financial Analysts Journal 80th anniversary and CFA Institute Research Foundation 60th anniversary event, the conversation moves from history to the future covering expected returns, valuation, investor behavior, and the impact of AI.
The panel challenges assumptions about long-term investing and explores why future returns may be lower, more uncertain, and more dependent on starting conditions than most investors realize.
This is where everything comes together, from theory to real-world application.
Learn more about the topics discussed:
- Financial Analyst Journal – Stocks for the Long Run? Sometimes Yes, Sometimes No: https://cfainst.is/4mbehbR
- Enterprising Investor – Stocks for the Long Run? Setting the Record Straight: https://cfainst.is/4v7jFRA
- Research Foundation - Stocks for the Long Run? New Evidence, Old Debates: https://cfainst.is/4m9rTo8
- Research Foundation - Stocks for the Long Run Revisited: Dividends and “The Return Nobody Got”: https://cfainst.is/4lYTkAZ
Participants:
- Jeremy J. Siegel, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
- Rob Arnott, Founder and Chairman, Research Affiliates
- Elroy Dimson, Cambridge Judge Business School
- Roger G. Ibbotson, Yale School of Management
- Edward F. McQuarrie, Santa Clara University
- Jason Zweig, The Wall Street Journal
- Carla Nunes, CFA, Kroll
- Laurence B. Siegel, CFA Institute Research Foundation
- Amy Resnick, ISS-Stoxx
- William Goetzmann, Yale School of Management
Chapters & Key Moments:
- 00:00 Final panel kickoff
- 01:31 Equity premium reconsidered
- 05:27 Why past returns can mislead
- 06:29 Lower future returns debate
- 10:50 Forecasting challenges
- 12:17 CAPE ratio & predictions
- 14:07 Structural market changes
- 32:52 Investor behavior & bias
- 37:30 Survivorship bias discussion
- 43:43 Communication & investor psychology
- 57:06 Audience expectations poll
- 01:22:24 AI and market impact
- 01:42:19 Key takeaways for investors

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