Sustained disruption of roughly 15–20% of seaborne crude supplies threatens sharp oil-price spikes and economic pain because demand is inelastic; prolonged outages or escalation could trigger a broader energy crisis and greater geopolitical spillovers.
On day three of the Iran-related conflict, Iranian forces fired more than 300 drones (but fewer missiles), striking targets as far afield as Cyprus while U.S. forces suffered the loss of three fighter aircraft in a friendly-fire incident in Kuwait. For the first time energy infrastructure has been affected: drones caused operational interruptions at Saudi Arabia’s Ras Tanura refinery and Qatar’s Ras Laffan LNG complex, and Iran reported attacks on tankers in the Persian Gulf. Commercial shipping has largely withdrawn from the Gulf, producing three days in which an estimated 15–20 million barrels per day of crude flows were disrupted, and other global supply points (Venezuela, Russia’s Novorossiysk) are also constrained. The U.S. has conducted widespread strikes but the conflict risks widening as Hezbollah and other actors become involved, while air defenses and munitions stocks are being strained.
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