The Volokh Conspiracy

The Volokh Conspiracy

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Independent multi-author legal analysis on courts, regulation, and public law.

ImmigrationProf Blog Symposium on the Birthright Citizenship Oral Arguments
NewsApr 30, 2026

ImmigrationProf Blog Symposium on the Birthright Citizenship Oral Arguments

The ImmigrationProf Blog organized a symposium dissecting the Supreme Court’s oral arguments in the Trump v. Barbara birthright citizenship case. Prominent immigration and constitutional scholars—including Jack Chin, Ilya Somin, Ediberto Roman, Rachel Rosenbloom, and D. Carolina Núñez—contributed analyses that explore...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Court: No Rule That "a Transgender Parent Should Not Be Awarded Tiebreaking Authority over a Cisgender Parent on Matters of...
NewsApr 30, 2026

Court: No Rule That "a Transgender Parent Should Not Be Awarded Tiebreaking Authority over a Cisgender Parent on Matters of...

The Maryland Court of Appeals upheld a lower‑court ruling granting joint legal custody with conditional tiebreaking authority to a transgender parent, BAK, over a cisgender parent, AST. The appellate panel rejected AST's argument for a per‑se rule that a trans...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Justice John Marshall Harlan and Birth Tourism
NewsApr 30, 2026

Justice John Marshall Harlan and Birth Tourism

A new Civitas Outlook essay revives Justice John Marshall Harlan’s 1898 lecture, which held that children born to tourists on temporary visas are not entitled to birthright citizenship. The author argues this historical view could support the portion of President...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
"[Anti-Harassment] Injunctions Are Not a Remedy for Interpersonal Conflict"
NewsApr 30, 2026

"[Anti-Harassment] Injunctions Are Not a Remedy for Interpersonal Conflict"

The Florida Court of Appeal reversed a three‑year stalking injunction filed by a wife against her ex‑husband’s girlfriend, finding the alleged conduct did not meet the statutory definition of repeated harassment. The court emphasized that Florida’s anti‑stalking statute requires a...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Edited Version of Louisiana V. Callais
NewsApr 30, 2026

Edited Version of Louisiana V. Callais

The Supreme Court issued a 92‑page opinion in Louisiana v. Callais, a case centered on Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. An author distilled the opinion into a 16‑page edited version for the 2026 Barnett/Blackman supplement, trimming historical background and...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Journal of Free Speech Law: "A New Frontier for an International Right with No Frontiers: Freedom of Expression & Generative...
NewsApr 29, 2026

Journal of Free Speech Law: "A New Frontier for an International Right with No Frontiers: Freedom of Expression & Generative...

The Journal of Free Speech Law article by Evelyn Mary Aswad examines how the U.S. First Amendment and the emerging global freedom of expression standard apply to generative AI outputs. It argues that individuals have a right to seek and...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Solicitor General Asks Supreme Court to Eighty-Six Energy Conservation Rule
NewsApr 29, 2026

Solicitor General Asks Supreme Court to Eighty-Six Energy Conservation Rule

The U.S. Solicitor General filed a brief asking the Supreme Court to grant, vacate and remand the D.C. Circuit’s decision that upheld the Department of Energy’s 2021 energy‑efficiency rule banning non‑condensing furnaces and commercial water heaters. The brief now aligns...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Unanimous Supreme Court Affirms Standing to Challenge Subpoena for Info on Financial Supporters
NewsApr 29, 2026

Unanimous Supreme Court Affirms Standing to Challenge Subpoena for Info on Financial Supporters

The U.S. Supreme Court issued a unanimous 9‑0 opinion affirming that First Choice Women’s Resource Centers, a pro‑life nonprofit, has Article III standing to contest a New Jersey Attorney General subpoena seeking its donors' identities. Justice Neil Gorsuch wrote that the...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
"Making Negative Statements" About People to Their Employers = Criminal Harassment
NewsApr 29, 2026

"Making Negative Statements" About People to Their Employers = Criminal Harassment

The Arizona Supreme Court ruled that the state’s criminal harassment statute applies to negative statements made about a person to a third party, such as an employer, when the communication is intended to provoke an adverse consequence. In Hernandez v....

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Trump's Shameful Effort to Deport Russian Dissenters Fleeing Putin
NewsApr 28, 2026

Trump's Shameful Effort to Deport Russian Dissenters Fleeing Putin

The Trump administration has accelerated the deportation of Russian asylum seekers who fled Vladimir Putin’s war, with estimates from Russian America for Democracy in Russia indicating hundreds have been returned to Russia. Detainees include a former soldier, an opposition activist,...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Analyzing Indictment of James Comey for "86 47" Post
NewsApr 28, 2026

Analyzing Indictment of James Comey for "86 47" Post

A federal grand jury indicted former FBI director James Comey on May 15, 2025, accusing him of making a “true threat” against President Donald Trump by posting an Instagram image of seashells spelling “86 47.” The indictment cites violations of 18...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Loper Bright and Preemption
NewsApr 28, 2026

Loper Bright and Preemption

The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Monsanto Co. v. Durnell, where a $1.25 million jury verdict against Bayer’s Roundup product is being challenged on the ground that the EPA’s pesticide regulations preempt state‑law claims. The justices’ questioning revealed a split...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Why AI Isn't Like a Law Clerk
NewsApr 28, 2026

Why AI Isn't Like a Law Clerk

The author argues that AI‑generated legal scholarship differs fundamentally from a law clerk’s work because judicial opinions are institutional messages, while scholarly articles express individual viewpoints. In courts, the judge’s name is a convention and the opinion’s authority stems from...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Judge Reaffirms: EEOC May Subpoena Penn's Records as to "Jewish-Related Organizations" (And Others) in Investigation of Anti-Semitic Harassment at Penn
NewsApr 27, 2026

Judge Reaffirms: EEOC May Subpoena Penn's Records as to "Jewish-Related Organizations" (And Others) in Investigation of Anti-Semitic Harassment at Penn

A federal judge in Philadelphia affirmed that the EEOC can enforce its subpoena demanding the University of Pennsylvania provide contact information for employees linked to Jewish‑related campus groups. The order, issued May 1, requires Penn to comply despite the university’s...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
A Few Thoughts on the Chatrie Oral Argument
NewsApr 27, 2026

A Few Thoughts on the Chatrie Oral Argument

The U.S. Supreme Court heard oral argument in *Chatrie v. United States*, a challenge to the constitutionality of geofence warrants. The Justices appeared inclined to reject the plaintiffs' claim that such warrants are categorically unconstitutional, favoring a limited, time‑and‑space‑constrained approach....

By The Volokh Conspiracy
SCOTUS Summarily Reverses Three-Judge Panel In Mandatory Jurisdiction Case Based On Earlier Shadow Docket Ruling In Same Case
NewsApr 27, 2026

SCOTUS Summarily Reverses Three-Judge Panel In Mandatory Jurisdiction Case Based On Earlier Shadow Docket Ruling In Same Case

The U.S. Supreme Court issued an unprecedented order reversing a three‑judge district court’s preliminary injunction against Texas’s 2026 redistricting plan. The reversal was based on an emergency stay the Court granted earlier on its shadow docket, effectively nullifying the lower...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Justice Breyer Says Not to Worry About the Shadow Docket
NewsApr 27, 2026

Justice Breyer Says Not to Worry About the Shadow Docket

Retired Justice Stephen Breyer told Harvard Magazine he isn’t worried about the Supreme Court’s growing reliance on the so‑called “shadow docket.” He likened it to the Court’s historic emergency docket, which once focused on death‑penalty stays and election matters, and...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Maine Governor Vetoes Broad Criminal Records Sealing Bill
NewsApr 27, 2026

Maine Governor Vetoes Broad Criminal Records Sealing Bill

Maine Governor Janet Mills vetoed LD 1911, a bill that would have automatically sealed criminal‑history records for most Class D and E misdemeanors five years after conviction. The proposal required the judicial branch to review decades of docket files by hand...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Comedy Club Can't Get Injunction Blocking Claims of Sexual Assault, Racism, Anti-Semitism, and Sexism
NewsApr 27, 2026

Comedy Club Can't Get Injunction Blocking Claims of Sexual Assault, Racism, Anti-Semitism, and Sexism

Manhattan Supreme Court Justice Judy Kim denied Rodney's Comedy Club's request for an injunction that would have forced defendant Chanel Omari to delete or refrain from posting social‑media accusations of sexual assault, racism, anti‑Semitism and sexism. The judge emphasized that...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Don't Care Bears and Intellectual Property Law
NewsApr 27, 2026

Don't Care Bears and Intellectual Property Law

A Manhattan federal judge rejected a plaintiff’s request for a temporary restraining order against vendors selling "Don't Care Bears" merchandise that mixes the Care Bears brand with marijuana imagery. The court found the plaintiff had not demonstrated a likelihood of...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
What Do You Do With AI-Generated Legal Scholarship?: An April 2026 Question
NewsApr 26, 2026

What Do You Do With AI-Generated Legal Scholarship?: An April 2026 Question

A law professor discovered a second, independent transcript of the 1807 Aaron Burr treason trial that contradicts portions of the widely‑cited Robertson record used in his 2021 Harvard Law Review article on the Fifth Amendment privilege. Concerned that these discrepancies could...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Today in Supreme Court History: April 26, 1995
NewsApr 26, 2026

Today in Supreme Court History: April 26, 1995

On April 26, 1995 the Supreme Court issued its landmark ruling in United States v. Lopez, striking down the federal Gun‑Free School Zones Act as exceeding Congress’s Commerce Clause authority. The 5‑4 decision upheld a Texas statute that prohibited firearms...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Judge Finds Epstein-Related Plaintiff Lies, Spoliation, and Lawyer Misconduct in Rape Lawsuit Against Investor Leon Black
NewsApr 25, 2026

Judge Finds Epstein-Related Plaintiff Lies, Spoliation, and Lawyer Misconduct in Rape Lawsuit Against Investor Leon Black

U.S. District Judge Jessica Clarke denied Leon Black's request for case‑terminating sanctions in a sexual‑assault lawsuit, but imposed significant penalties on the plaintiff’s former counsel and law firm for repeated lies and evidence spoliation. The court barred the plaintiff from...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Links to My Posts on Chatrie V. United States, the Geofence Warrant Case
NewsApr 25, 2026

Links to My Posts on Chatrie V. United States, the Geofence Warrant Case

Supreme Court will hear arguments in Chatrie v. United States, the first case to address the legality of geofence warrants. The author, a legal scholar, compiled a chronological list of his posts, briefs, and commentary spanning from 2022 to 2026...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Plaintiffs Can't Sue the Chinese Government with Largely Sealed Complaint
NewsApr 25, 2026

Plaintiffs Can't Sue the Chinese Government with Largely Sealed Complaint

A federal judge in Washington rejected plaintiffs' request to seal a 300‑page complaint that underlies an eight‑page public pleading in a lawsuit against Chinese officials and entities. The suit invokes the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, the Alien Tort Statute, and...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Thought Experiment: It's 2030, and the Newsom Justice Department Indicts a Conservative Group for Paying Antifa Leaders
NewsApr 25, 2026

Thought Experiment: It's 2030, and the Newsom Justice Department Indicts a Conservative Group for Paying Antifa Leaders

The article uses a 2030 thought experiment to mirror the 2026 SPLC indictment, proposing that a conservative activist group could be charged by a Newsom‑led Justice Department for donor fraud and anti‑money‑laundering violations. It alleges the group raised funds by...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Eighth Circuit Upholds Ban on Trespassing for Surveillance Purposes
NewsApr 25, 2026

Eighth Circuit Upholds Ban on Trespassing for Surveillance Purposes

The Eighth Circuit affirmed Iowa's §727.8A, a law that elevates the use of cameras during unlawful trespass to an aggravated misdemeanor for a first offense and a class‑D felony for repeat violations. The court applied intermediate scrutiny, finding the statute...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Today in Supreme Court History: April 24, 1963
NewsApr 24, 2026

Today in Supreme Court History: April 24, 1963

On April 24, 1963, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Sherbert v. Verner, a case challenging an Alabama unemployment‑benefits denial to a Seventh‑day Adventist who refused work on Saturdays for religious reasons. The Court’s eventual decision created the “Sherbert test,” requiring...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
The Difficulty of the Search Question: More Thoughts on Chatrie
NewsApr 24, 2026

The Difficulty of the Search Question: More Thoughts on Chatrie

The Supreme Court’s upcoming Chatrie v. United States argument spotlights the thorny question of what constitutes a “search” under the Fourth Amendment. The author argues that the Court has repeatedly sidelined the amendment’s full text—persons, houses, papers, and effects—focusing instead...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
So There Was More To The Story
NewsApr 23, 2026

So There Was More To The Story

Law firm heavyweight Kannon Shanmugam and colleague Masha Hansford left Paul Weiss for Davis Polk, confirming rumors sparked by an odd Supreme Court filing where Shanmugam was listed as counsel of record but Elizabeth Prelogar of Cooley argued the case....

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Spotting Scammers with "Verified" Dating App Profiles
NewsApr 23, 2026

Spotting Scammers with "Verified" Dating App Profiles

Tinder introduced Face Check, a video‑selfie verification meant to curb catfishing, but investigations reveal the system only requires one matching photo to label an entire profile as verified. Scammers exploit this by pairing a single verified image with eight unrelated,...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Do the Supreme Court "Shadow Papers" Reveal Supreme Court Hypocrisy?
NewsApr 23, 2026

Do the Supreme Court "Shadow Papers" Reveal Supreme Court Hypocrisy?

The piece scrutinizes internal Supreme Court memoranda on the Clean Power Plan stay to assess claims of judicial hypocrisy or misapplied review standards. Legal scholars William Baude and Richard Re counter the criticism, noting that the irreparable‑injury rule only triggers...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
"Sotomayor Drops The Ball on Obamacare" And The Shadow Docket
NewsApr 23, 2026

"Sotomayor Drops The Ball on Obamacare" And The Shadow Docket

Justice Sonia Sotomayor issued an emergency stay on Dec. 31 2013 that temporarily blocked enforcement of the Affordable Care Act’s contraceptive mandate against the Little Sisters of the Poor. The order, limited to a single religious nonprofit, contrasts sharply with the sweeping...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Injunction Against Publicly Identifying Pseudonymous Litigants Is Content-Based Prior Restraint,
NewsApr 22, 2026

Injunction Against Publicly Identifying Pseudonymous Litigants Is Content-Based Prior Restraint,

The Fourth Circuit upheld a protective order that bars defendants from revealing the identities of pseudonymous plaintiffs and their families without a non‑disclosure agreement. The panel declared the gag order a content‑based prior restraint on speech. It clarified that courts...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Fourth Circuit Upholds Injunction Against Disclosing Names of Perceived Afghan Collaborators
NewsApr 22, 2026

Fourth Circuit Upholds Injunction Against Disclosing Names of Perceived Afghan Collaborators

The Fourth Circuit affirmed a district court protective order that bars the disclosure of the identities of Afghan plaintiffs—known as the Does—in Doe v. Mast. The court classified the order as a content‑based prior restraint but held it met strict‑scrutiny...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Laura Loomer Loses Defamation Suit Against Bill Maher Over "Who's Trump Fucking? … Might Be Laura Loomer" Lines
NewsApr 22, 2026

Laura Loomer Loses Defamation Suit Against Bill Maher Over "Who's Trump Fucking? … Might Be Laura Loomer" Lines

A federal judge in Miami granted summary judgment to Bill Maher, dismissing Laura Loomer's defamation lawsuit over his September 13, 2024 "Real Time" joke linking her to Donald Trump. The court found the remark was a comedic statement, not a...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Justice Thomas Assigns Himself A Majority Opinion
NewsApr 22, 2026

Justice Thomas Assigns Himself A Majority Opinion

The Supreme Court issued a 6‑3 ruling in Hencely v. Fluor Corp, with Justice Thomas writing the majority opinion. He was joined by Justices Sotomayor, Kagan, Gorsuch, Barrett and Jackson, while Justices Alito, Roberts and Kavanaugh dissented. The split defies...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
FBI Director Kash Patel Loses Defamation Lawsuit Over Morning Joe Statements
NewsApr 21, 2026

FBI Director Kash Patel Loses Defamation Lawsuit Over Morning Joe Statements

A Texas federal judge ruled that former FBI Director Kash Patel's defamation suit over a comment on MSNBC's Morning Joe was dismissed. The comment, made by former FBI counterintelligence chief Cesare Figliuzzi, suggested Patel spent more time in nightclubs than in...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Does A Shadow Docket Ruling Create "Clearly Established" Law For Purposes of Qualified Immunity
NewsApr 21, 2026

Does A Shadow Docket Ruling Create "Clearly Established" Law For Purposes of Qualified Immunity

The Supreme Court’s emergency‑docket decision in *Mirabelli* halted California’s secret‑transition school policy, while its denial of certiorari in *Foote* allowed a comparable Massachusetts policy to stand, sending mixed signals to lower courts. The split raises a critical question: does an...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
No Constitutional Problem with Compelling AI Disclosures in Court Filings
NewsApr 21, 2026

No Constitutional Problem with Compelling AI Disclosures in Court Filings

The U.S. District Court for Colorado denied the plaintiff’s motion to strike a standing order requiring AI certifications in court filings, ruling that the mandate does not infringe the First Amendment. Judge Nina Wang likened the AI disclosure rule to...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Elizabeth Prelogar's Unexpected and Unusual Argument
NewsApr 21, 2026

Elizabeth Prelogar's Unexpected and Unusual Argument

The Supreme Court granted certiorari in T.M. v. University of Maryland Medical System, but the expected veteran litigator Kannon Shanmugam was replaced at oral argument by Elizabeth Prelogar of Cooley LLP. Prelogar, the former Solicitor General, was not listed on...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
FBI Director Kash Patel Sues Atlantic Over Friday's Article
NewsApr 20, 2026

FBI Director Kash Patel Sues Atlantic Over Friday's Article

FBI Director Kash Patel has filed a defamation lawsuit against The Atlantic Monthly Group and staff writer Sarah Fitzpatrick over a April 17, 2026 article that alleged he was an alcoholic who jeopardized national‑security operations. The complaint asserts the piece...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Journalistic and Legal Ethics for SCOTUS Reporters
NewsApr 20, 2026

Journalistic and Legal Ethics for SCOTUS Reporters

Steve Sachs argues that Supreme Court reporter Adam Liptak, a New York‑licensed attorney, may have breached professional conduct rules by publishing leaked court documents. The piece highlights similar concerns for other lawyer‑journalists such as Joan Biskupic, an inactive D.C. bar...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
After Mirabelli, The Other Foote Did Not Drop
NewsApr 20, 2026

After Mirabelli, The Other Foote Did Not Drop

On March 2, 2026 the Supreme Court issued an emergency‑docket ruling in Mirabelli v. Bonta, striking down California’s secret policy of transitioning children without parental consent. Justice Kagan publicly rebuked the Court for using the shadow docket, urging that the parallel case...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
"Unserious Leaders Are Unsafe," Opines a Federal Judge About RFK, Jr.
NewsApr 19, 2026

"Unserious Leaders Are Unsafe," Opines a Federal Judge About RFK, Jr.

Federal Judge Mustafa Kasubhai ruled that HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s "Kennedy Declaration"—which threatened to cut Medicaid funding for gender‑affirming care for minors—violated the Administrative Procedure Act’s notice‑and‑comment rulemaking requirements and exceeded statutory authority. The court granted plaintiffs’ summary...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
February 9, 2016
NewsApr 19, 2026

February 9, 2016

On February 9, 2016 the U.S. Supreme Court issued an emergency stay halting the Clean Power Plan, a move that surprised many observers because it was the first time the Court granted a stay while a case was pending. Justice Anton Scalia cast...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Government Likely Violated First Amendment in Getting Apple and Google to Block ICE Sightings Content, Court Holds
NewsApr 19, 2026

Government Likely Violated First Amendment in Getting Apple and Google to Block ICE Sightings Content, Court Holds

A federal judge in Chicago concluded that Illinois officials likely breached the First Amendment by coercing Facebook and Apple to suppress ICE‑sightings content. The plaintiffs demonstrated that both platforms had previously approved the Facebook group and the Eyes Up app,...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Leaked Supreme Court Memos Reveal Why Court Stayed Clean Power Plan (Setting Important "Shadow Docket" Precedent in the Process)
NewsApr 18, 2026

Leaked Supreme Court Memos Reveal Why Court Stayed Clean Power Plan (Setting Important "Shadow Docket" Precedent in the Process)

Leaked internal Supreme Court memos reveal why the justices granted a stay of the Obama administration’s Clean Power Plan, citing fears of billions in irreversible utility compliance costs and the need for robust judicial review. The chief justice and conservative...

By The Volokh Conspiracy
Call Him Judge Ho Ho Ho
NewsApr 18, 2026

Call Him Judge Ho Ho Ho

Magistrate Judge Andrew Edison of the Southern District of Texas issued a December 11 order extending the deadline for objections to his Memorandum and Recommendation from December 29, 2025, to January 9, 2026. The judge explained the change by noting...

By The Volokh Conspiracy