Hope in the Shadow of Unnatural Extinctions | The Royal Society

The Royal Society
The Royal SocietyMay 29, 2026

Why It Matters

Understanding how extinction was conceptualized as both scientific fact and colonial rationale reveals the roots of current biodiversity loss and social injustices, informing more just conservation and restitution policies today.

Summary

Historian Sadiah traces how the modern concept of extinction emerged in the late 18th and 19th centuries, moving from theological beliefs in immutable species to scientific recognition of lost species via fossil research and high-profile contemporary losses. She argues that scientists, colonial officials and writers extended the idea of extinction to human peoples—framing Indigenous populations as inevitably disappearing—which naturalized conquest and underpinned settler-colonial policies. Darwin and other thinkers codified extinction as a ‘natural law’ tied to competition, reinforcing social Darwinist narratives that justified dispossession. Sadiah links these historical threads to present-day biodiversity crises and the ongoing legal and political struggles of Indigenous communities to prove continuity and reclaim land.

Original Description

Join us for the Royal Society Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Prize Lecture delivered by 2025 winner Professor Sadiah Qureshi.
Extinction was once regarded as a theologically suspect idea until modern naturalists established that it was inherent in the natural world following the French Revolution. While the first discussions of extinction as a natural law concerned prehistoric animals, new ideas about loss were quickly extended to colonised peoples and contemporary extinctions such as the great auk. This lecture traces the legacies of these new ideas about extinction to ask how we generate hope and secure justice for all life on Earth.
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