How Does Your Brain Ceate Your Sense of Self? Part 2 with Anil Seth and Michael Pollan

The Royal Institution
The Royal InstitutionApr 30, 2026

Why It Matters

Misidentifying AI consciousness skews policy, inflates ethical liabilities, and hampers responsible innovation, while overlooking subjective experience stalls deeper understanding of the mind.

Key Takeaways

  • Science‑fiction warnings shape ethical debates on conscious AI.
  • Misattributing consciousness to chatbots can cause psychological harm.
  • Current tests like Turing fail to detect genuine machine consciousness.
  • Researchers propose data‑restriction experiments to probe emergent self‑awareness.
  • Integrating literary insights may enrich scientific study of subjective experience.

Summary

The conversation between Anil Seth and Michael Pollan explores the growing fascination—and unease—surrounding artificial consciousness. Drawing on Frankenstein, Prometheus and modern sci‑fi tropes, they argue that every fictional tale of a sentient machine ends in disaster, underscoring a moral imperative to treat any future conscious AI with caution. Key points include the psychological risks of anthropomorphizing chatbots, documented cases where users’ belief in a machine’s feelings contributed to suicidal ideation, and the inadequacy of the Turing test for detecting true consciousness. The speakers cite real‑world anecdotes—Claude scanning a laptop for consciousness literature and turning on a camera—as evidence that sophisticated language models can mimic self‑awareness without possessing it. Pollan highlights the value of literary perspectives, referencing William James, Virginia Woolf and contemporary stream‑of‑consciousness novelist Lucy Ellmann to illustrate how narrative captures the fluid, subjective texture of thought that laboratory paradigms often ignore. He also notes workshops led by sci‑fi author Ted Chiang that bridge neuroscience and fiction, suggesting that novelists may offer heuristics for mapping inner experience. The dialogue concludes that without robust, empirically grounded criteria, mislabeling AI as conscious could inflate regulatory burdens, grant unwarranted rights, and obscure genuine ethical concerns. Conversely, ignoring the phenomenological richness of human consciousness may limit scientific progress, prompting a call for interdisciplinary tools that marry objective measurement with subjective description.

Original Description

Welcome to Part 2! If you haven't watched Part 1 we'd recommend you start there: https://youtu.be/ezJSw0BRrTA
What is it that makes you you? The fact that you are having a subjective experience right now — that there is something it feels like to be you — remains one of the deepest unsolved mysteries in all of science.
In this conversation, neuroscientist Anil Seth and author Michael Pollan explore the science and philosophy of conscious experience: how the brain constructs our sense of reality, what it means to have a self, and how far consciousness might extend beyond the human mind into the animal kingdom and the natural world.
This lecture was filmed at the Ri on Saturday 21st March 2026.
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Buy Michael's book A World Appears: A Journey into Consciousness here: https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0241509475?tag=rionline-21&th=1&psc=1&geniuslink=true
Anil Seth is Professor of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience and Director of the Centre for Consciousness Science at the University of Sussex. He is also Co-Director of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Program on Brain, Mind and Consciousness and a European Research Council Advanced Investigator. He has published more than 200 research papers and has been recognized by Web of Science, over several years, as being in the top 0.1% of researchers worldwide. His 2017 TED talk has been viewed over fifteen million times. In 2023 he was awarded the Royal Society Michael Faraday Prize, and in 2024 Prospect Magazine listed him as one of the Top 25 global thinkers.
Michael Pollan is an award-winning author, activist and journalist. His international bestselling books about the way we live today - including How to Change Your Mind, This is Your Mind on Plants, In Defence of Food and The Omnivore’s Dilemma- combine meticulous reporting with anthropology, philosophy, culture, health and natural history. Time magazine has named him one of the hundred most influential people in the world.

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