How Does Your Brain Create Your Sense of Self? Part 1 with Anil Seth and Michael Pollan

The Royal Institution
The Royal InstitutionApr 28, 2026

Why It Matters

Expanding the definition of consciousness beyond humans reshapes ethical debates, scientific inquiry, and technology development by recognizing sentient capacities across the living world.

Key Takeaways

  • Psychedelic experiences highlight consciousness as a mediated perception of reality.
  • Pollan distinguishes sentience (basic awareness) from consciousness (self‑reflective experience).
  • Plant neurobiology shows learning, memory, and anesthetic responses, challenging consciousness boundaries.
  • Nagel’s “what is it like” framework emphasizes imagination in assessing other minds.
  • Consciousness research must expand beyond human bias to diverse biological sensoriums.

Summary

The Royal Institution hosted a lively dialogue between neuroscientist Anil Seth and author Michael Pollan, probing how the brain constructs the sense of self and what consciousness truly entails. Drawing on Pollan’s recent work on psychedelics, the conversation framed altered states as a “smudged windscreen” that forces us to confront the mediating layer between perception and reality.

Both speakers highlighted a hierarchy of awareness: basic sentience—simple detection of beneficial or harmful stimuli—versus full‑blown consciousness, which adds self‑reflection and imagination. Pollan illustrated this distinction with plant neurobiology, citing Mimosa pudica’s habituation, inter‑plant communication, and susceptibility to anesthetics, suggesting that even root‑bound organisms exhibit rudimentary learning and environmental awareness.

Seth invoked Thomas Nagel’s classic “what is it like to be a bat?” argument, emphasizing that imagination is essential for inferring subjective experience in non‑human entities. He noted that while we can’t ask plants or bats directly, observable behaviors—memory, adaptive responses, and anesthetic knock‑outs—provide indirect evidence that challenges the human‑centric view of consciousness.

The exchange underscores a growing consensus: consciousness research must move beyond anthropocentric assumptions and incorporate diverse sensoriums, from insects to flora. This broader perspective could reshape ethical frameworks, inform AI design, and guide future interdisciplinary studies of mind and life.

Original Description

What is it that makes you you? The fact that you are having a subjective experience right now — that there is something it feels like to be you — remains one of the deepest unsolved mysteries in all of science.
In this conversation, neuroscientist Anil Seth and author Michael Pollan explore the science and philosophy of conscious experience: how the brain constructs our sense of reality, what it means to have a self, and how far consciousness might extend beyond the human mind into the animal kingdom and the natural world.
This lecture was filmed at the Ri on Saturday 21st March 2026.
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Buy Michael's book A World Appears: A Journey into Consciousness here: https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0241509475?tag=rionline-21&th=1&psc=1&geniuslink=true
Anil Seth is Professor of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience and Director of the Centre for Consciousness Science at the University of Sussex. He is also Co-Director of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Program on Brain, Mind and Consciousness and a European Research Council Advanced Investigator. He has published more than 200 research papers and has been recognized by Web of Science, over several years, as being in the top 0.1% of researchers worldwide. His 2017 TED talk has been viewed over fifteen million times. In 2023 he was awarded the Royal Society Michael Faraday Prize, and in 2024 Prospect Magazine listed him as one of the Top 25 global thinkers.
Michael Pollan is an award-winning author, activist and journalist. His international bestselling books about the way we live today - including How to Change Your Mind, This is Your Mind on Plants, In Defence of Food and The Omnivore’s Dilemma- combine meticulous reporting with anthropology, philosophy, culture, health and natural history. Time magazine has named him one of the hundred most influential people in the world.

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