The Simplest Question Maths Still Can't Answer

New Scientist
New ScientistApr 15, 2026

Why It Matters

Advances in prime‑gap bounds deepen fundamental number‑theory knowledge and bolster cryptographic security, while Maynard’s creative process highlights how human intuition fuels mathematical breakthroughs.

Key Takeaways

  • Prime numbers are arithmetic atoms, yet many basic questions remain unsolved
  • Twin prime conjecture posits infinite prime pairs differing by two; still open
  • Maynard lowered prime gap bound to 246, still far from two
  • Fields Medal recognized Maynard’s breakthroughs, yet he sees himself as ordinary
  • Mathematical insight often emerges from subconscious walks and experimental intuition

Summary

The video features Oxford number‑theorist James Maynard discussing why prime numbers, the “atoms of arithmetic,” remain a source of deep mystery despite centuries of study.

Maynard explains the twin‑prime conjecture—infinitely many prime pairs separated by two—and reviews recent progress: Yitang Zhang’s 2013 70‑million bound, Maynard’s own method, and the current record gap of 246, still far from the conjectured two.

He shares vivid analogies, noting primes’ role in nature and music, recounts the surreal moment he learned of his 2022 Fields Medal while painting, and describes how walks and subconscious “day‑dreaming” help him crack hard problems.

These developments sharpen our grasp of prime distribution, with downstream effects on cryptography and algorithmic security, while Maynard’s personal workflow underscores the creative, experimental side of pure mathematics that drives future breakthroughs.

Original Description

Prime numbers are the building blocks of mathematics, and yet their distribution is a mystery that has stumped mathematicians for centuries. We still don't understand why some primes sit so far apart from the next and some so close together. James Maynard is a mathematician working primarily in the world of prime numbers. In 2022 he was awarded the Fields medal, the most prestigious award in maths for those under 40, for his contributions to analytic number theory.
In this video, James joins New Scientist reporter Alex Wilkins to talk about why primes are so fascinating, his award-winning career and how he thinks AI will change mathematics.
00:00 Introduction
00:54 What are prime numbers
03:26 Twin prime conjecture
07:36 Winning the Fields medal
10:59 Thinking about maths
20:17 The Riemann Hypothesis
36:33 AI and maths
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