Who’s Running Iran?

Carnegie Endowment
Carnegie EndowmentMar 6, 2026

Why It Matters

The succession scramble could reshape Iran’s regional behavior and trigger new security calculations for the United States, Europe, and neighboring states. Understanding these dynamics is essential for policymakers assessing escalation risks and diplomatic options.

Key Takeaways

  • Khamenei's death creates immediate leadership vacuum
  • Hardliners and pragmatists vie for control
  • Kurdish militias eye Tehran with foreign backing
  • U.S. and Israel debate covert intervention
  • Reformist momentum remains suppressed by security forces

Pulse Analysis

The sudden removal of Iran’s supreme leader has exposed fault lines within the country’s power structure that have long been hidden behind a veneer of monolithic authority. While the clerical establishment rallies around senior figures to preserve ideological continuity, pragmatic technocrats and members of Khamenei’s own family are positioning themselves as potential successors. This internal jockeying is compounded by the Revolutionary Guard’s entrenched loyalty to the regime’s security apparatus, which will likely dictate the pace and direction of any transition. Understanding these competing factions is crucial for analysts forecasting Tehran’s domestic stability and its willingness to engage in foreign ventures.

External actors are already weighing the implications of a weakened Tehran. The United States and Israel, still reeling from the January crackdown, are debating whether to support Kurdish militias as a lever to pressure the regime, while also considering broader strategies that could involve limited air cover or covert assistance. Meanwhile, China’s non‑interventionist model offers Iran an alternative diplomatic pathway, potentially diluting Western influence. The interplay between these great‑power calculations and regional actors, such as Kurdish groups, creates a volatile environment where missteps could spark wider conflict.

For policymakers, the key takeaway is that Iran’s future will not be decided solely by a single successor but by a complex negotiation among hard‑liners, reform‑inclined technocrats, and external sponsors. The regime’s survival hinges on its ability to maintain security force loyalty while managing public discontent, which remains muted after the harsh January response. Anticipating Tehran’s next moves requires close monitoring of internal power shifts, the evolving stance of the Revolutionary Guard, and the strategic choices of the U.S., Israel, and China as they each seek to shape the outcome.

Original Description

Iran’s supreme leader Ali Khamenei was killed almost a week ago — so who’s running the country? Will Iranians seek change in the streets, despite the brutal crackdown they faced in January? Could Kurdish militias march on Tehran under U.S. and Israeli air cover? Should Westerners trust exiled oppositionists like former crown prince Reza Pahlavi?
Karim Sadjadpour is one of the few people who can answer these questions. On this special episode of The World Unpacked, Karim and host Jon Bateman go inside Tehran’s power structure as the Islamic Republic faces one of the greatest crises in its 47-year history.
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Find the episode transcript and streaming audio, and get the show direct to your inbox, here:
Host:
Follow Jon on X: https://x.com/JonKBateman
Guest:
Karim Sadjadpour — https://x.com/ksadjadpour
Chapters:
00:00 Iran in Chaos
01:27 Iran Under Fire
01:28 Who Runs Iran?
02:02 Power Vacuum
04:14 Regime Under Pressure
07:00 Survival vs Ideology
09:52 Khamenei’s Son Next?
13:03 Why No Reform
14:56 The China Model
16:08 U.S. Leadership Plan?
18:32 U.S.–Israel Strategy
20:17 Trump vs Netanyahu
22:14 Regime Change Chances
24:05 Why No Uprising
25:28 The 10% Rule
28:37 Security Forces Loyalty
31:13 Iran’s Exiled Prince
34:52 Pahlavi’s Support
38:45 Trump Calls Kurds
44:39 Arming Kurdish Groups
49:15 Iran’s War Strategy
52:41 Limited Retaliation
54:26 War End Scenarios
59:40 “Mow the Grass”
01:02:11 Iran’s Future
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and advance peace.

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