The article revisits Isaiah Berlin’s distinction between negative freedom—removing external obstacles—and positive freedom—the internal capacity for self‑direction. It argues that most organizations conflate the two, eliminating hierarchies without cultivating the psychological and relational skills needed for genuine autonomy. Empirical studies, from Holacracy experiments to Human Relations research, show that removing authority often exposes a deficit in decision‑making confidence and collaborative dialogue. Sustainable self‑management therefore requires a continuous balance of structural redesign and capability‑building.
The article explains that learned helplessness—employees’ conditioned passivity under strict hierarchies—does not disappear when a company flattens its structure. Without targeted capability development, workers experience cognitive, motivational, and emotional blocks, leading to anxiety and the re‑emergence of informal hierarchies. Valkiainen...