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Louis Bouchard

Louis Bouchard

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Making AI accessible on YouTube, Substack, and our Courses. Co-founder @towards_ai @hlr_newsletter. Ex-Ph.D. student @Mila_Quebec @polymtl.

Recent Posts

Accuracy Isn’t Enough: Prioritize Relevance, Grounding, Faithfulness
Social•Jan 3, 2026

Accuracy Isn’t Enough: Prioritize Relevance, Grounding, Faithfulness

Accuracy is a terrible metric for LLMs. And it’s the reason many AI demos look great but fall apart in real usage. LLMs don’t usually fail by being wrong. They fail by being: irrelevant ungrounded confidently misleading An answer can be “accurate” in isolation and still be useless to the user. This is why traditional evaluation breaks down. For LLM systems, what actually matters is: Relevance - did it answer this question? Groundedness - is it backed by the right context or sources? Faithfulness - did it stay true to the input data? Accuracy alone can’t measure any of that. That’s why production LLMs need evaluation that looks beyond correctness- and focuses on how answers are produced, not just what they say. If your model feels unreliable despite “good accuracy,” this is usually the reason.

By Louis Bouchard
This Is How Much AI Can Remember
Video•Jan 3, 2026

This Is How Much AI Can Remember

The video explains that a language model’s ability to remember is bounded by its context window – the maximum number of tokens it can see at once. The window comprises the system prompt, the full dialogue history, and any tokens the...

By Louis Bouchard
Context Rot Causes AI Failures; Engineer Memory
Social•Jan 2, 2026

Context Rot Causes AI Failures; Engineer Memory

Most AI failures don’t come from bad prompts or weak models. They come from bad context. As tasks get longer and agents take more steps, important information gets buried, forgotten, or drowned in noise, something we call “context rot.” The result looks...

By Louis Bouchard
Your Prompts Aren’t the Problem—Your Context Is
Video•Jan 2, 2026

Your Prompts Aren’t the Problem—Your Context Is

The video argues that the real bottleneck in AI assistants isn’t how you phrase a question but what information the model actually sees when it generates a reply. While traditional prompt engineering tweaks wording to coax better answers, "context engineering"...

By Louis Bouchard
Why Prompts Actually Work
Video•Jan 2, 2026

Why Prompts Actually Work

The video breaks down why prompts work, defining a prompt as the full set of instructions and context sent to an LLM. It distinguishes two parts: a system prompt that establishes the model’s role and constraints, and a user prompt...

By Louis Bouchard
Constraints, Not Model Choice, Drive Real-World AI Success
Social•Jan 1, 2026

Constraints, Not Model Choice, Drive Real-World AI Success

Do you still care about picking the right model? GPT. Gemini. Claude. Bigger models. Bigger context windows. But when you actually work on real projects, you quickly realize something else. Most decisions aren’t driven by models. They’re governed by constraints. Cost Latency Quality Data privacy Every model call has a...

By Louis Bouchard
RLHF Explained Simply
Video•Jan 1, 2026

RLHF Explained Simply

RLHF, or reinforcement learning from human feedback, is the technique powering modern large‑language‑model alignment. Rather than relying solely on static text corpora, developers augment training with human‑generated preference data, teaching models what constitutes a helpful, safe response. The workflow begins with...

By Louis Bouchard
Apply an Autonomy Slider:
Social•Dec 31, 2025

Apply an Autonomy Slider:

Recently, a close friend of mine, @pauliusztin_, launched a free 9-lesson course on AI agent foundations, and I went through it. It’s short (around 1.5 hours total) and focuses purely on end-to-end fundamentals - no tools, no frameworks, just the core...

By Louis Bouchard
LLMs Turn Words Into Numbers Before Understanding Meaning
Social•Dec 30, 2025

LLMs Turn Words Into Numbers Before Understanding Meaning

Your model doesn’t understand words. It understands numbers. That single fact explains a lot of confusing LLM behavior. Before an LLM can answer anything, your text goes through two quiet steps most people never see: Tokens: your sentence is broken into small pieces and...

By Louis Bouchard
How AI Gets Specialized (Fine-Tuning Explained)
Video•Dec 30, 2025

How AI Gets Specialized (Fine-Tuning Explained)

The video demystifies fine‑tuning, the technique of taking a pre‑trained large language model and further training it on a narrow, high‑quality dataset to make it proficient at a specific task. Unlike the massive, generic corpus used for pre‑training, fine‑tuning relies on...

By Louis Bouchard
Base vs Instruct Models Explained
Video•Dec 29, 2025

Base vs Instruct Models Explained

The video explains the fundamental distinction between base models and instruct models in modern AI development. A base model is the product of large‑scale pre‑training; it stores vast factual information but is not optimized for following user instructions or sustaining...

By Louis Bouchard
This Is How GPT Gets Built
Video•Dec 28, 2025

This Is How GPT Gets Built

The video walks through the foundational phase that turns a random‑parameter network into a functional language model, known as pre‑training. It describes how the model is fed an enormous corpus of text and code from the internet and tasked with...

By Louis Bouchard
Learn Python for AI by Building Real Projects
Social•Dec 26, 2025

Learn Python for AI by Building Real Projects

One of the best feelings in teaching AI? When a student describes your course exactly the way you hoped it would work. We just received a new review for our Beginner Python for AI Engineering course, and the part that hit me...

By Louis Bouchard
2026 Will Transform Creators After 2025 Image Boom
Social•Dec 25, 2025

2026 Will Transform Creators After 2025 Image Boom

If you’re a creator, marketer, or video editor… 2026 is going to be very different.👇 2025 was dominated by image generation. Google’s Nano Banana Pro changed how we control style and lighting. ChatGPT made image consistency crazy. Images finally started doing what we asked fo...

By Louis Bouchard
Day 4/42: How AI Understands Meaning
Video•Dec 25, 2025

Day 4/42: How AI Understands Meaning

The video explains how modern language models move beyond simple token IDs toward semantic representations called embeddings. While tokenization converts user input into arbitrary numeric identifiers, those IDs carry no information about word meaning or relationships, preventing the model from...

By Louis Bouchard
Prediction Isn’t Understanding and That Difference Matters
Video•Dec 23, 2025

Prediction Isn’t Understanding and That Difference Matters

The video tackles a common misconception that large language models (LLMs) learn in the same way humans do, arguing that the similarity ends at a superficial level of pattern imitation. It breaks the discussion into three parts – pre‑training, fine‑tuning/reinforcement...

By Louis Bouchard
ChatGPT Doesn’t “Know” Anything. This Is Why
Video•Dec 23, 2025

ChatGPT Doesn’t “Know” Anything. This Is Why

The video demystifies large language models (LLMs) by framing them as sophisticated autocomplete engines. It explains that an LLM’s core task is to predict the most probable next token—whether a whole word, a sub‑word fragment, or punctuation—based on the preceding...

By Louis Bouchard
Six Years, 70k Subs: Persistence Beats Early Momentum
Social•Dec 22, 2025

Six Years, 70k Subs: Persistence Beats Early Momentum

70k YouTube subscribers after 6 years. Sounds simple on paper. It wasn’t. For the first few years, everything felt easy. I was covering AI research papers, I loved it, and people loved it too. Consistency wasn’t a struggle because the content was...

By Louis Bouchard
Day 1/42: What Is Generative AI?
Video•Dec 22, 2025

Day 1/42: What Is Generative AI?

The video introduces a new daily short‑form series aimed at demystifying generative AI for a broad audience. It opens by acknowledging the common frustration of receiving slow, vague, or inaccurate answers from tools like ChatGPT, Gemini, or Google Cloud, and...

By Louis Bouchard
42 Days of No‑Hype AI Concept Videos
Social•Dec 21, 2025

42 Days of No‑Hype AI Concept Videos

I’m publishing one AI video every day for the next 42 days. No math. No code. No hype. Just the concepts you actually need to understand LLMs. YouTube is where 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗱 for me. And honestly, I miss it. So on Monday, I’m coming back...

By Louis Bouchard
LLMs Trained on Reddit, Wikipedia, Now Eroding Them
Social•Dec 21, 2025

LLMs Trained on Reddit, Wikipedia, Now Eroding Them

It’s funny how LLMs depends on Reddit and Wikipedia content to be trained, but at the same time it’s killing both… https://t.co/MhE4knbw0t

By Louis Bouchard
Open This Before Jan 2
Blog•Dec 20, 2025

Open This Before Jan 2

The episode highlights the rare, distraction‑free period between Christmas and New Year’s as an ideal time to decide whether to ship a real AI product in the coming year. It outlines a two‑part learning path—a free 10‑hour LLM Primer and...

By Louis Bouchard
Showcase AI Work Publicly; Jobs Find You
Social•Dec 20, 2025

Showcase AI Work Publicly; Jobs Find You

I didn’t get my first AI job by applying anywhere. It started with YouTube. 🎥👇 I was posting simple research explainers on YouTube when one day, the founder of a startup left a comment: “Can we talk?” He noticed I was also from Québec...

By Louis Bouchard
First University Talk: Turning AI Work Into Teach‑Ready Insight
Social•Dec 16, 2025

First University Talk: Turning AI Work Into Teach‑Ready Insight

I gave my first university talk this week at the University of San Diego. I was genuinely stressed. Not because the content was hard, but because it was the first time I had to turn what we do at Towards AI into...

By Louis Bouchard
Speech to Text Is Harder Than You Think
Video•Dec 16, 2025

Speech to Text Is Harder Than You Think

The video tackles a misconception that speech‑to‑text (STT) is merely a matter of converting audio into words. It argues that for production voice agents, transcription is only the first step; the real battle lies in extracting precise entities, handling latency,...

By Louis Bouchard
Voice Agents Require Far More than Simple Speech-to-Text
Social•Dec 16, 2025

Voice Agents Require Far More than Simple Speech-to-Text

Most people think speech to text is just turn audio into words. Anyone who has built a real voice agent knows... that's the easy part. https://t.co/vNSn0Tum1y

By Louis Bouchard
Write to Learn: Content Accelerates Mastery, Not Virality
Social•Dec 15, 2025

Write to Learn: Content Accelerates Mastery, Not Virality

Sharing content online is one of the highest-ROI habits you can build, and it has nothing to do with going viral. When I started, my goal wasn’t audience or money. It was learning. Content forces clarity. Saying “I want to learn...

By Louis Bouchard
The Hidden Skill Boost Behind Posting Online
Video•Dec 15, 2025

The Hidden Skill Boost Behind Posting Online

The video explores the often‑overlooked benefit of publishing content online: it serves as a powerful learning accelerator. The creator explains that his initial foray into content creation wasn’t driven by audience size, revenue, or virality, but by a desire to...

By Louis Bouchard
AI Amplifies What You Already Have, Good or Bad
Social•Dec 14, 2025

AI Amplifies What You Already Have, Good or Bad

I’ve been watching a pattern lately: a lot of businesses are trying to “add AI” hoping it will magically fix everything. But here’s the honest truth: AI won’t save a bad business. It will simply reveal what’s already broken. If your operations are messy,...

By Louis Bouchard
Avoid Prompt Debt: Understand AI‑Generated Code, Don’t Outsource Thinking
Social•Dec 13, 2025

Avoid Prompt Debt: Understand AI‑Generated Code, Don’t Outsource Thinking

Prompt debt might be the most 2025 kind of technical debt. It’s what happens when AI writes your code… but you never build the mental model behind it. Shaw Talebi calls it out clearly: LLMs can generate code, architecture, even some...

By Louis Bouchard
Ship Fast: Use Your Known Stack, Not New Tools
Social•Dec 11, 2025

Ship Fast: Use Your Known Stack, Not New Tools

Stuck choosing a tech stack for your next AI project? You might be overthinking it. My friend Shaw Talebi is an AI engineer who ships a lot of small AI SaaS projects fast. His rule is simple: build with what you...

By Louis Bouchard
Decode Papers Quickly: Abstract, Figure, AI Summaries
Social•Dec 10, 2025

Decode Papers Quickly: Abstract, Figure, AI Summaries

I used to be terrified of reading research papers... until I learned this 👇 The first time I opened one, I thought: “There’s no way I can read this.” Too formal, too technical, too many acronyms - and English wasn’t even my first language. But...

By Louis Bouchard

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