How Public Funding Unlocks Private Innovation

London Business School
London Business SchoolFeb 5, 2026

Why It Matters

Publicly funded research fuels disproportionate economic growth, so policies that amplify high‑risk innovation can dramatically boost productivity and competitiveness.

Key Takeaways

  • Government‑funded patents generate ~20% of medium‑term growth in productivity and GDP
  • Public research agencies back high‑risk basic science breakthroughs
  • Public funding crowds in private capital rather than crowding it out
  • Startups leveraging public support outperform incumbents and scale faster
  • Europe should adopt high‑risk, high‑reward industrial policy to capture large social returns

Summary

The video argues that a tiny slice of U.S. patents—just 2 % of all filings—drives roughly one‑fifth of medium‑term productivity and GDP growth, and that these patents are publicly funded yet privately owned.

Research shows the patents originate from university labs and institutes supported by agencies such as the NIH and NSF, which finance high‑risk basic research. Contrary to the “crowding‑out” hypothesis, public money actually “crowds‑in” private investment by de‑risking early‑stage discoveries, enabling venture capital and corporations to fund product development.

The presenter cites data where startups that receive public backing “punch above their weight,” out‑performing incumbents and scaling more rapidly. A notable quote: “Public funding does not crowd out private innovation; it unlocks it.”

For Europe, the implication is clear: modern industrial policy must prioritize high‑risk, high‑reward research to capture the outsized social returns that governments can purchase, reshaping the continent’s innovation ecosystem.

Original Description

Paolo Surico, Professor of Economics, explains why a small share of government-funded patents deliver outsized gains for productivity and economic growth — and what this means for modern industrial policy.
You can learn more about the research here:
Read the related article on VoxEU here:
Find out more about Paolo and his research interests here:
Track 482375 – Monetization ID R1SZXNSW3EQW5CV9
#economics #innovation #productivity #industrialpolicy

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