‘Iran Thinks It’s Still a Great Power’: Why the Regime Won’t Surrender

The Telegraph
The TelegraphApr 3, 2026

Why It Matters

Understanding Iran’s myth‑driven self‑perception clarifies its strategic calculus, informing policymakers and investors about the durability of its confrontational posture. This insight is crucial for anticipating future regional stability and diplomatic options.

Key Takeaways

  • Iran's great‑power myth stems from Cyrus-era empire
  • Shia adoption reinforced distinct national identity versus Sunni neighbors
  • Regime leverages historic heroes to legitimize wartime resolve
  • US and Israel sanctions haven't shifted Iran's strategic calculus
  • Ancient Persian culture still influences modern political rhetoric

Pulse Analysis

Iran’s refusal to capitulate cannot be reduced to a simple calculation of military odds; it is deeply rooted in a centuries‑old narrative that positions the nation as a successor to the Achaemenid Empire. By invoking Cyrus the Great and legendary Persian heroes, the regime taps into a collective memory that frames contemporary conflict as a continuation of a historic struggle for sovereignty and greatness. This cultural framing bolsters domestic legitimacy, allowing hardliners to rally public support even as economic sanctions tighten.

The adoption of Twelver Shia Islam further differentiates Iran from its Sunni neighbors, reinforcing a distinct identity that the regime leverages to portray itself as the guardian of a unique civilizational legacy. This religious distinction, combined with the mythic past, creates a potent ideological shield against external criticism. Consequently, diplomatic overtures that ignore these deep‑seated narratives risk being dismissed as superficial, while any policy that threatens Iran’s perceived historical role may provoke a stronger, more intransigent response.

For Western policymakers and investors, appreciating the interplay of myth, religion, and geopolitics is essential for crafting realistic strategies. Recognizing that Iran’s strategic decisions are filtered through a lens of historic grandeur helps explain its willingness to endure prolonged conflict and sanctions. This perspective suggests that engagement efforts should incorporate cultural diplomacy and address Iran’s desire for regional respect, rather than relying solely on coercive measures, to achieve any lasting de‑escalation.

Original Description

Why hasn’t the Iranian regime surrendered yet?
The Islamic Republic is at the centre of a war sending shock waves around the world, and despite being pummelled by the US and Israel, it remains defiant. The explanation lies in the country's ancient history and myths, which still permeate modern Iranian politics today.
For this special Easter edition, Ali Ansari, professor of Iranian history at the University of St Andrews, joins Roland Oliphant to take us all the way back to the empire of Cyrus the Great and the legendary heroes of Persian literature on a quest for the origins of the country.
Who are Iranians? Why do they think of themselves as a great power that can rival the West? And how has their long history shaped the regime at war with Donald Trump today?
Ansari explains how Iran is not as Islamic as the ayatollahs make out, why Iran adopted Shia rather than Sunni Islam, and how history and myth are used by both the regime and its opponents. Plus, perhaps most importantly, why the ancient Persians loved a drink.
CONTRIBUTORS:
Roland Oliphant, co-host and chief foreign affairs analyst @RolandOliphant
Ali Ansari, professor University of St Andrews @aa51_ansari
Pic credit: The Elisha Whittelsey Collection, The Elisha Whittelsey Fund, 1949
Producer: Rachel Porter
Executive Producer: Louisa Wells
► Sign up to our most popular newsletter, From the Editor. Look forward to receiving free-thinking comment and the day's biggest stories, every morning. telegraph.co.uk/fromtheeditor
► EMAIL US: Contact the team on battlelines@telegraph.co.uk
► GET THE LATEST HEADLINES: Find all our latest Iran coverage here: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/iran-war/
#IranConflict #USMilitary #MiddleEastCrisis #DonaldTrump #iran #historylovers #iranwar #iranhistory #cyrusthegreat #iranregime #ancienthistory #ancientpersia

Comments

Want to join the conversation?

Loading comments...