The Science of Consciousness: Could a Conscious AI Exist? - Ri Science Podcast with Anil Seth

Royal Institution
Royal InstitutionMar 25, 2026

Why It Matters

A clearer scientific account of consciousness directly impacts AI development, guiding both safety standards and investment strategies as firms contemplate creating machines with genuine subjective experience.

Key Takeaways

  • Consciousness defined as "what it is like" to be an organism.
  • Hard problem links subjective experience to physical brain processes.
  • Top‑down predictive processing shapes perception more than raw sensory input.
  • Research explores perceptual diversity and emergent neural dynamics.
  • Understanding consciousness informs AI safety and potential conscious machines.

Summary

In this episode of the Ri Science Podcast, renowned neuroscientist Anil Seth joins the host to dissect the enduring mystery of consciousness and ask whether a truly conscious artificial intelligence could ever arise. Drawing on Thomas Nagel’s classic “what it is like to be a bat” formulation, Seth frames consciousness as any experience that has a subjective feel, a definition that deliberately avoids presupposing language, self‑awareness, or intelligence.

Seth distinguishes the “hard problem” – how subjective experience emerges from physical processes – from the broader mind‑body problem, and surveys leading scientific accounts such as Global Workspace Theory and Integrated Information Theory. He then pivots to perception, arguing that the brain operates primarily via top‑down predictive coding: internal models generate expectations, while incoming sensory data serve as error signals that refine those models, turning perception into a controlled hallucination rather than a simple read‑out of the world.

Illustrative examples include studies of perceptual diversity, where individuals construct distinct internal “best‑guesses” of the same external reality, and emerging mathematical tools to quantify neural emergence, akin to flocking behavior, with potential applications to anesthesia and altered states. Seth also references clinical work on brain injury that isolates which aspects of consciousness can be lost, reinforcing the value of pathology as a probe.

The discussion underscores that consciousness research remains highly interdisciplinary, embracing philosophy, computational modeling, and experimental neuroscience. For industry, the stakes are clear: a deeper grasp of subjective experience could shape the design of AI systems, inform safety protocols, and guide ethical frameworks as the prospect of machine consciousness inches closer to feasibility.

Original Description

Neuroscientists are still understanding how consciousness originates in humans, but the question now arises of whether Artificial Intelligence could ever become conscious. Cognitive and computational neuroscientist Anil Seth discusses the current theories for consciousness, and the probability of AI ever becoming conscious, in his essay 'the mythology of conscious AI' which won him the 2025 Berggruen Prize Essay Competition.
Producer and presenter: Lia Hale
Assistant producer: Georgina Gonzalez and Freddie Rodgers
Music: Joseph Sandy
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