François Chollet

François Chollet

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Co-founder @ndea. Co-founder @arcprize. Creator of Keras and ARC-AGI. Author of 'Deep Learning with Python'.

Impossible Returns Signal Superhuman AGI's Arrival
SocialFeb 16, 2026

Impossible Returns Signal Superhuman AGI's Arrival

One of the first signs of the emergence of superhuman AGI will be the emergence of a quantitative trading firm with impossible returns

By François Chollet
Short-Term References Matter; Long-Term Lose Relevance
SocialFeb 15, 2026

Short-Term References Matter; Long-Term Lose Relevance

Short term, this is still the best reference point. Long term, past references might become much less useful.

By François Chollet
Frontier Models Overfit ARC Format, Limiting Generalization
SocialFeb 14, 2026

Frontier Models Overfit ARC Format, Limiting Generalization

Interesting finding on frontier model performance on ARC -- due to extensive direct targeting of the benchmark, models are overfitting to the original ARC encoding format. Frontier model performance remains largely tied to a familiar input distribution.

By François Chollet
AI Diagram Tool Still Slower than Manual Slides
SocialFeb 13, 2026

AI Diagram Tool Still Slower than Manual Slides

Right now it's still taking me more time to generate medium-complexity diagrams by describing them to Nano Banana than by drawing them manually in Google Slides...

By François Chollet
AGI Growth Limited by Fundamental Bottlenecks, Not Scaling
SocialFeb 13, 2026

AGI Growth Limited by Fundamental Bottlenecks, Not Scaling

I don't think the rise of AGI will lead to a sudden exponential explosion in AI capabilities. There are bottlenecks on the sources of new capability improvements, and horizontally scaling intelligence in silicon (even by a massive factor) doesn't lift...

By François Chollet
AGI Arrives When No Test Shows Human‑AI Gap
SocialFeb 12, 2026

AGI Arrives When No Test Shows Human‑AI Gap

Reaching AGI won't be beating a benchmark. It will be the end of the human-AI gap. Benchmarks are simply a way to estimate the current gap, which is why we need to continually release new benchmarks (focused on the remaining...

By François Chollet
Call Centers Signal AI‑Driven Job Crisis Ahead
SocialFeb 12, 2026

Call Centers Signal AI‑Driven Job Crisis Ahead

A good canary in the coal mine for AI-caused job loss will be call centers. We're currently projecting ~2.75M call center jobs in the US in 2026. In 2016 it was ~2.63M. The global call center market size has grown...

By François Chollet
ARC Advances Driven by Test-Time Adaptation, Not LLM Scaling
SocialFeb 12, 2026

ARC Advances Driven by Test-Time Adaptation, Not LLM Scaling

Lots of folks spread false narratives about how ARC-1 was created in response to LLMs, or how ARC-2 was only created because ARC-1 was saturated. Setting the record straight: 1. ARC-1 was designed 2017-2019 and released in 2019 (pre LLMs). 2. The...

By François Chollet
Gemini Deep Think Sets Record on ARC‑AGI‑2
SocialFeb 12, 2026

Gemini Deep Think Sets Record on ARC‑AGI‑2

The new Gemini Deep Think is achieving some truly incredible numbers on ARC-AGI-2. We certified these scores in the past few days. https://t.co/Q9qeJbCObK

By François Chollet
Write High‑performance TPU/GPU Kernels in Python
SocialJan 8, 2026

Write High‑performance TPU/GPU Kernels in Python

You no longer need to leave Python to write high-performance hardware kernels. Learn how to use Pallas in Keras to author custom ops that lower to Mosaic for TPUs or Triton for GPUs: https://t.co/oeV4cmV4M0

By François Chollet
AI Offloads Cognitive Load, Defying Age‑Related Brain Decline
SocialJan 7, 2026

AI Offloads Cognitive Load, Defying Age‑Related Brain Decline

One positive outcome of AI is that it will make the aging-related decline of your brain power less relevant. You can keep doing the same things just as nimbly at any age by offloading more.

By François Chollet
More Code, More Liability: Speed Isn't Always Blessing
SocialJan 5, 2026

More Code, More Liability: Speed Isn't Always Blessing

I tend to view code as more of a liability than an asset. In this light, making it cheaper and faster to generate a lot of code might not be an unmitigated blessing.

By François Chollet
GenAI Raises Baseline, Makes Mediocrity Economically Irrelevant
SocialJan 5, 2026

GenAI Raises Baseline, Makes Mediocrity Economically Irrelevant

GenAI will not replace human ingenuity. It will simply raise the floor for mediocrity so high that being "pretty good" becomes economically worthless.

By François Chollet
Overused Vagueposting Fuels AI Lab Fatigue
SocialDec 30, 2025

Overused Vagueposting Fuels AI Lab Fatigue

Grandiose vagueposting on Twitter is the one tried and true marketing strategy for AI labs. But as it gets overused it eventually creates fatigue

By François Chollet
Transformers Need Internal Scratchpad for Sequential Reasoning
SocialDec 23, 2025

Transformers Need Internal Scratchpad for Sequential Reasoning

The Transformer architecture is fundamentally a parallel processor of context, but reasoning is a sequential, iterative process. To solve complex problems, a model needs a "scratchpad" not just in its output CoT, but in its internal state. A differentiable way to...

By François Chollet
AI Should Augment, Not Replace, Human Thought
SocialDec 22, 2025

AI Should Augment, Not Replace, Human Thought

The goal of AI should not be to replace human thought and human agency, but to expand them. Not everything needs to be automated.

By François Chollet
From Library to Scientist: AI’s Next Evolution
SocialDec 22, 2025

From Library to Scientist: AI’s Next Evolution

LLMs represent the "library" phase of AI. The next phase will be the "scientist" phase. A library contains answers, but a scientist knows how to find answers that don't exist yet.

By François Chollet
LLMs Aid Brainstorming, but AI Needs Fresh Ideas
SocialDec 19, 2025

LLMs Aid Brainstorming, but AI Needs Fresh Ideas

Evaluating the potential of LLMs to help with scientific discovery. In short: new ideas are direly needed to move AI towards invention. LLMs can be useful as brainstorming partners though. https://t.co/Zd0EKf8Z3n

By François Chollet
Keras 3.13 Introduces LiteRT Export and GPTQ Quantization
SocialDec 18, 2025

Keras 3.13 Introduces LiteRT Export and GPTQ Quantization

New Keras release: 3.13 🎉 Some major new features: • Model export to LiteRT (formerly TFLite) for mobile/edge • GPTQ quantization support for post-training compression • New Adaptive Pooling layers for dynamic architectures https://t.co/Ogmag7FYCY

By François Chollet
Innovation Thrives on Strong Links, Not Weakest Links
SocialDec 18, 2025

Innovation Thrives on Strong Links, Not Weakest Links

Innovation is a "strong-link problem". In a chain (weak-link problem), the weakest element breaks the system. In discovery (strong-link problem), the strongest element makes the breakthrough. The rest of the system provides the infrastructure that allows the outlier to function

By François Chollet
Our Brains Are Tuned to the Universe’s Stable Laws
SocialDec 17, 2025

Our Brains Are Tuned to the Universe’s Stable Laws

Because our universe follows stable laws, a sufficiently general intelligent system adapted to it, like human-driven science, can eventually model any phenomenon within it. Human intelligence may not be "universal" in the mathematical sense (see No Free Lunch theorem), but we...

By François Chollet
Collective General Intelligence Enables Science to Solve Any Solvable Problem
SocialDec 17, 2025

Collective General Intelligence Enables Science to Solve Any Solvable Problem

I would say there is no such thing as "universal" intelligence but there is definitely such a thing as "general" intelligence, and as a collective, we have it. "Science", modeled as an intelligent system (primarily powered by human intelligence) can solve...

By François Chollet
Benchmark Humans Against the Best Alternative, Not Averages
SocialDec 16, 2025

Benchmark Humans Against the Best Alternative, Not Averages

You should measure human capability on a task not in terms of "average human" or "random human", but in terms of your best alternative (to AI) if you were to hire a human to solve the task. Which isn't average...

By François Chollet
Anticipating the Upcoming ARC‑AGI‑3 Performance Numbers
SocialDec 16, 2025

Anticipating the Upcoming ARC‑AGI‑3 Performance Numbers

Looking forward to the ARC-AGI-3 numbers :)

By François Chollet
AI Shifts From Automation to Invention via Symbolic Search
SocialDec 12, 2025

AI Shifts From Automation to Invention via Symbolic Search

AI will evolve from being an automation machine to becoming an invention machine. This will require a fundamentally new paradigm, with symbolic search as its core, not curve-fitting

By François Chollet
Intelligence Requires Exploration, Goal‑Setting, and Planning
SocialDec 12, 2025

Intelligence Requires Exploration, Goal‑Setting, and Planning

Fluid intelligence as measured by ARC 1 & 2 is your ability to turn information into a model that will generalize. That's not the only thing you need to make an intelligent agent. To start with, when you're an agent in...

By François Chollet
Test‑time Adaptation Unlocks Fluid Intelligence, but AGI Still Distant
SocialDec 11, 2025

Test‑time Adaptation Unlocks Fluid Intelligence, but AGI Still Distant

Back in 2019, ARC 1 had one goal: to focus the attention of AI researchers towards the biggest bottleneck on the way to generality, the ability to adapt to novelty on the fly, which was entirely missing from the legacy...

By François Chollet
Edit LLM Behavior Safely without Retraining, Says CTGT
SocialDec 9, 2025

Edit LLM Behavior Safely without Retraining, Says CTGT

Cyril and the team at CTGT are productizing mechanistic interpretability. They make it possible to edit the behavior of LLMs to add safety policy guarantees without retraining, in a way that is much more reliable than simple prompting.

By François Chollet
ARC 2025 Highlights LLM Refinement & Zero‑Pretraining Advances
SocialDec 5, 2025

ARC 2025 Highlights LLM Refinement & Zero‑Pretraining Advances

Congrats to the ARC Prize 2025 winners! The Grand Prize remains unclaimed, but nevertheless 2025 saw remarkable progress on LLM-driven refinement loops, both with "local" models and with commercial frontier models. We also saw the rise of zero-pretraining DL approaches like HRM...

By François Chollet
Join Keras Community Meeting Today for Roadmap Updates
SocialDec 5, 2025

Join Keras Community Meeting Today for Roadmap Updates

The Keras community video meeting is happening today at 10am PT (in 1 hr 10 min). Join to get updates on the development roadmap and ask questions to the Keras team. URL in next tweet

By François Chollet
True AGI Demands General Learning, Not Task Stacking
SocialDec 4, 2025

True AGI Demands General Learning, Not Task Stacking

Either you crack general intelligence -- the ability to efficiently acquire arbitrary skills on your own -- or you don't have AGI. A big pile of task-specific skills memorized from handcrafted/generated environments isn't AGI, not matter how big.

By François Chollet
Waymo on Track to Cover over Half US by 2028
SocialDec 3, 2025

Waymo on Track to Cover over Half US by 2028

My prediction of Waymo covering >50% of the US by eoy 2028 is looking good

By François Chollet
AI Will Cross a Self‑improvement Threshold, Leading to Gradual Progress
SocialDec 3, 2025

AI Will Cross a Self‑improvement Threshold, Leading to Gradual Progress

There's a specific threshold of complexity and self-direction below which a system degenerates, and above which it can open-endedly self-improve. Current AI systems aren't close to it yet. But it's inevitable we will reach this point eventually. When we do, we...

By François Chollet
Waymo Goes Fully Driverless in Dallas After Rapid Growth
SocialDec 3, 2025

Waymo Goes Fully Driverless in Dallas After Rapid Growth

Waymo started testing with a safety driver in Dallas just 4 months ago. They're now fully driverless -- no one but you in the car. Waymo has been expanding at >500% per year.

By François Chollet
True Understanding Equals Minimal Compression, Not Massive Parameter Counts
SocialDec 3, 2025

True Understanding Equals Minimal Compression, Not Massive Parameter Counts

To perfectly understand a phenomenon is to perfectly compress it, to have a model of it that cannot be made any simpler. If a DL model requires millions parameters to model something that can be described by a differential equation of...

By François Chollet
Half‑Price Deep Learning with Python 3rd Edition Today
SocialNov 28, 2025

Half‑Price Deep Learning with Python 3rd Edition Today

Black Friday deal for Deep Learning with Python (3rd edition): 50% off, just today. Go buy it: https://t.co/EL58J1Zl22

By François Chollet
I’m Unable to View the Linked Content, so I Can’t Create a Headline.
SocialNov 28, 2025

I’m Unable to View the Linked Content, so I Can’t Create a Headline.

https://t.co/XJNnjRCyYL

By François Chollet
Gemini 3 Hits 31.1% on ARC‑AGI‑2 Benchmark
SocialNov 18, 2025

Gemini 3 Hits 31.1% on ARC‑AGI‑2 Benchmark

Gemini 3 scores 31.1% on ARC-AGI-2. Impressive progress.

By François Chollet
Waymo Expands to Five New Cities, Scaling Fivefold Annually
SocialNov 18, 2025

Waymo Expands to Five New Cities, Scaling Fivefold Annually

Waymo is adding 5 new cities: Miami, Dallas, Houston, Orlando. Waymo has been growing about 5x per year since it started scaling its service in 2023.

By François Chollet
Infinite AGI Returns Myth Inflates Tech Investment Tenfold
SocialNov 18, 2025

Infinite AGI Returns Myth Inflates Tech Investment Tenfold

The notion that AGI would have infinite returns has been used to justify investment far above expected returns (by 10x-100x) for technology that is neither AGI nor on the path to AGI

By François Chollet
Algorithms Now Outpace Labs as Science’s Primary Tool
SocialNov 13, 2025

Algorithms Now Outpace Labs as Science’s Primary Tool

The most powerful scientific instrument of the 21st century isn't the electron microscope or the particle collider. It's the algorithm. Today, a scientist in biology, physics, chemistry etc. is more likely to be debugging a Python script than to be running...

By François Chollet
TSGM: Keras 3 Library for Synthetic Time‑Series Generation
SocialNov 13, 2025

TSGM: Keras 3 Library for Synthetic Time‑Series Generation

TSGM is a Keras 3 based library for generating synthetic timeseries datasets: https://t.co/cKNN2PJtG7

By François Chollet
Deep Learning Demystified: Intuition‑Driven Modern Stack Guide
SocialNov 10, 2025

Deep Learning Demystified: Intuition‑Driven Modern Stack Guide

Deep learning is not a collection of black-box tricks, contrary to what many believe. It can be learned as a principled engineering discipline. This latest edition of Deep Learning with Python is my best attempt so far at teaching it. It...

By François Chollet
Boost Colab Training Speed 4‑5× with TPU and Steps_per_execution
SocialNov 6, 2025

Boost Colab Training Speed 4‑5× with TPU and Steps_per_execution

If you're using Colab and you feel like training your model on GPU is slow, switch to the TPU runtime and tune the "steps_per_execution" parameter in model.compile() (higher = more work being done on device before moving back to host...

By François Chollet
ML Research: Build, Test, Learn—Not Just Speculate
SocialNov 5, 2025

ML Research: Build, Test, Learn—Not Just Speculate

ML research is an engineering discipline, not a philosophy seminar. You build, you test, you learn. Untested ideas are just speculation.

By François Chollet
Autonomous AI Evolves by Coding Its Own Models
SocialNov 4, 2025

Autonomous AI Evolves by Coding Its Own Models

The path to autonomous AI is a system that learns to solve new problems by synthesizing models of them on the fly (as code), and that gets smarter over time by adding new abstractions to its own library (also as...

By François Chollet
Understanding = Ability to Act Appropriately in Any Situation
SocialNov 4, 2025

Understanding = Ability to Act Appropriately in Any Situation

For me, what it means to "understand" something can be characterized purely behaviorally. You understand a thing if you have the ability to act appropriately in response to situations related to the thing. You understand how to make coffee if you...

By François Chollet
AGI's Solution Will Seem Obvious in Hindsight
SocialNov 2, 2025

AGI's Solution Will Seem Obvious in Hindsight

When you see the solution to AGI you will find that it was in fact so straightforward as to be obvious, and that it could have been developed decades ago

By François Chollet
One Day Left: Leaderboard Shifts, Overfitting Warning
SocialNov 2, 2025

One Day Left: Leaderboard Shifts, Overfitting Warning

One day left to submit to ARC Prize 2025 on Kaggle! Big changes at the top of the leaderboard these past few days, with the rise of teams NVARC and North Stars. Close contest between GiottoAI and ARChitects for the top...

By François Chollet