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System Design Deep Dives: Part - 1

The post explains how scalability and availability shape modern system design. It contrasts vertical scaling—quick but limited—with horizontal scaling that requires stateless services, load balancers, and distributed data stores, citing Twitter’s evolution from a monolith to a sharded architecture. It then defines five‑nine availability, outlines the three primary threats—single points of failure, cascading failures, and deployment downtime—and shows how redundancy and careful release practices mitigate them. The author stresses measuring bottlenecks early and building for scalability and high‑availability from day one.